PHS 4300 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Stethoscope, Steam Shower, Prostaglandin
3 Oct 2016
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Dyspnea: hard time breathing, shortness of breath etc. Signs: flaring of the nostrils, use of accessory muscles of respiration and retraction (because diaphragm will not be as effective); variety of possible reasons: initially on extension, then at rest. Orthopnea: difficulty breathing when lying down usually result of increased fluid in the lung that is helped by being upright e. g. left ventricular heart failure, pulmonary edema for any other reason. Apnea: temporary cessation of breathing (e. g. sleep apnea) Bradypnea: rate of breathing <12 breaths per minute e. g. overuse of narcotics, brain disorders, hypothyroidism. Tachypnea: rate of breathing >20 breaths/min. (shallow breaths) causes include lung disease, anxiety, obesity, pulmonary embolism. Eupnea is rhythmic breaths (8-16 breaths per minute) tidal volume = 400- 800 ml); short expiratory pause; sigh breaths (10-12/hr) automatic measure that kicks in to make you pull in more oxygen and clear out more. Kussmaul respirations: slow, deep breathes e. g. advanced ketoacidosis.
