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CHM 1311 Lecture Notes - Lecture 16: Calcium Hydroxide, Conjugate Acid, Sodium Hydroxide

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6 Dec 2016

School

University of Ottawa

Department

Course

Professor

Darrin Richeson

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Document Summary

The driving force is the formation of water: acid base reactions, naoh(aq) + hcl(aq) !nacl(aq) + h, net ionic equation: oh-(aq) + h+(aq) ! H: this applies to all reactions of strong acids and bases, an acid -> h+ in water, acids some terminology, acid = substances that ionize to form h+ in solution (e. g. hcl, hno. Ionization = neutral substance forms ions in solution. 2 (aq) because the solution is neither acidic nor basic at the end: the other product of the acid-base reaction is a salt, mx, hx + moh ! Mx + h: neutralization between acid and metal hydroxide produces water and a. 2o salt: mn+ comes from base & xn- comes from acid this is one way to make compounds! 8: bronsted-lowry theory of acids and bases the most common theory for common aqueous acids and bases is the bronsted-lowry theory. + is its conjugate acid (aq) + h.

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Related Questions

1.Write the equation that represents the reaction of pyruvic acid in water. (You will find the structure of pyruvic acid in the Common Acids in Biochemistry and Medicinetable. Omit states-of-matter from your answer.)

2.Label the conjugate acid-base pairs. (Omit states-of-matter from your answer. Separate substances in a list with a comma.)
Conjugate acid-base pair that includes pyruvic acid:

3.Conjugate acid-base pair that does not include pyruvic acid:

Exp 25. pH Measurements-Buffers and Their Properties.

I need help in the calculations for part C finding the pKa in 1,2, and 3. Thanks!

Experiment 25 pH Measurements- Buffers and Their Properties ne of the is its concentration of hydrogen ion. The pecies, on they, the H,O ion) has a great effect on the solubility of many isorganic and ora tions. It is important H ion (or. more more important properties of an aqueous solution conplex metallic cations found in solutions, and on the rates of many chemical reac- of hydrogen ion and understand its effect on solution propertics that we know how to measure the concentration For convenience, the concentration of H" as molarity. The frequendly ex ãion is frequently expressed as the pH of the solution rather than pH of a solution is defined by the following equation: the equation, 4. If the [H to the base 10. If (H'l is 1 x 104 moles per liter, the pH of the solution is, by is 10-? M, the pH is 1.3. tion will always be obeyed: described in terms of pH. In aqueous solutions the following equilibrium rela- In distillecd water [H Soler t lequals IOH 1. so, by Equation 2, IH"] must be I X 10 M. Therefore,the pH of distilled will have a pH 7; if H 1 IOH1. the solution is basic and its pH >7. A solution with a pÅ of 10 will have or 1 Ã 10-4 M. We measure the pH of a solution experimentally in two ways. In the first of these we use a chemical an indicator, which is sensitive to pH. These substances have colors that change over a relatively short two pH units) and can, when properly chosen, be used to determine roughly the pH of a solu- called H range on. Two very common indicators are litmus, usually used on paper, and phenolphthalein, the most common indicator in acid-base titrations. Litmus changes from red to blue as the pH of a solution goes from about 6 to about 8. Phenolphthalein changes from colorless to red as the pH goes from 8 to 10. A given indicator is useful for determining pH only in the region in which it changes color. Indicators are available for measure- ment of pH in all the important ranges of acidity and basicity. By matching the color of a suitable indicator in a solution of known pH with that in an unknown solution, one can determine the pH of the unknown to within about 0.3 pH units. The other method for finding pH is with a device called a pH meter. In this device two electrodes, one of which is sensitive to [H'], are immersed in a solution. The potential between the two electrodes is related to the pH. The pH meter is designed so that the scale will directly furnish the pH of the solution. A pH meter gives much more precise measurement of pH than does a typical indicator and is ordinarily used when an accurate determination of pH is needed Some acids and bases undergo substantial ionization in water, and are called strong because of their essentially complete ionization in reasonably dilute solutions. Other acids and bases, because of incomplete ionization (often far less than even 1% in 0.1 M solution), are called weak Hydrochloric acid, HCl, and sodium hydroxide, NaOH, are typical examples of a strong acid and a strong base. Acetic acid, HCH,0, and ammonia, NH, are classic examples of a weak acid and a weak base. A weak acid will ionize according to the Law of Chemical Equilibrium HB(aq)H'(a) B (aq) 3)

Exp 25. pH Measurements- Buffers and Their Properties

I need help with finding kPa in the calculations part C for 1,2, and 3 Thanks!

Experiment 25 pH Measurements- Buffers and Their Properties ne of the more important propertics of an aqucous solution is its concentration of hydrogen ion. The H ion (or, more precisely, the HO ion) has a great effect on the solubility of many inorganic and organic species, on the nature of complex mctallic cations found in solutions, and on the rales of many chemical reac- tions. It is important that we know how to measure the concentration of hydrogen ion and understand its effect on solution properties. For convenience, the concentration of H' ion is frequendly expressed as the pH of the solution rather than as molarity. The pH of a solution is defined by the following equation: pH =-log where the logarithm is taken to the base 10. If [H] is I x 10-*moles per liter, the pH of the solution is, by the equation, 4. If the [H'1 is 5 x 10 M, the pH is 1.3, Basic solutions can also be described in terms of pH. In aqucous solutions the following equilibrium rela- tion will always be obeyed: In distilled water url equals [ OHÂ·], s, by Equation 2, [HÂ·l must be l x 10" M. Therefore, the pH of distilled water is 7. Solutions in which [H.] > 10é¨are sad to be acidic and will have a pH 7. A solution with a pH of 10 will have a [H"] of 1 x 10 0 M and a (OH] of I x 10M We measure the pH of a solution experimentally in two ways. In the first of these we use a chemical called an indicator, which is sensitive to pH. These substances have colors that change over a relatively short pH range (about two pH units) and can, when properly chosen, be used to delermine roughly the pH of a solu tion. Two very common indicators are litmus, usually used on paper, and phenolphthalein, the most common indicator in acid-base titrations. Litmus changes from red to blue as the pH of a solution goes from about 6 to about 8. Phenolphthalein changes from colorless to red as the pH goes from 8 to 10. A given indicator is useful for determining pH only in the region in which it changes color. Indicators are available for measure- ment of pH in all the important ranges of acidity and basicity. By matching the color of a suitable indicator in a solution of known pH with that in an unknown solution, one can determine the pH of the unknown to within about 0.3 pH units. The other method for finding pH is with a device called a pH meter. In this device two electrodes, one of which is sensitive to [H']. are immersed in a solution. The potential between the two electrodes is related to the pH. The pH meter is designed so that the scale will directly furnish the pH of the solution. A pH meter gives much more precise measurement of pH than does a typical indicator and is ordinarily used when an accurate determination of pH is needed Some acids and bases undergo substantial ionization in water, and are called strong because of their essentially complete ionization in reasonably dilute solutions. Other acids and bases, because of incomplete ionization (often far less than even 1% in 0.1 M solution), are called weak. Hydrochloric acid, HC, and sodium hydroxide, NaOH, are typical examples of a strong acid and a strong base. Acetic acid, HC,H,0, and ammonia, NH, are classic examples of a weak acid and a weak base. A weak acid will ionize according to the Law of Chemical Equilibrium: HBlaq)--H'(aq) + B-(aq)