BPS 1101 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Thymol, Humphry Davy, Radithor

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amberherring744

5 Feb 2016

School

University of Ottawa

Department

Biopharmaceutical sciences

Course

BPS 1101

Professor

William Ogilvie

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Document Summary

Drugs produce a biological response to the chemicals that are present in them. Ex: certain strawberries have a different taste than others because they have different amounts of the active ingredient. Therefore the effect will be different, if you have too much of one plant you are going to have a problem. You never know for sure the effect you are going to have from eating a certain plant. The way you prepare things also determines how these things work. If you don"t prepare it properly you will have a problem. Back then information is passed down verbally therefore it was never very accurate. Now things come with standard instructions making it easier to reproduce a certain effect. People will often thing of an idea and then they would look for proof. He said that the earth is made up of the four main elements. Therefore living things must be made up of four humours.

Related Questions

Pick ONE of the examples below and describe the steps of the scientific method you would use to test the question or find the solution to the problem. In other words, please design a virtual experiment (using the steps of the scientific method) to test the hypothesis you make about one of the questions listed below.

Be sure to identify the steps (observation, hypothesis, prediction, experiment/test, controls, results, conclusions). In your responses to each other, help each other identify the parts of the process properly so that the results can be clearly interpreted

Will chilling an onion before cutting it keep you from crying?

If you shake up different kinds or brands of soft drinks (e.g., carbonated), will they all spew the same amount?

Do all breakfast cereals that say they have 100% of the U.S. ntify the steps (observation, hypothesis, prediction, experiment/test, controls, results, conclusions). In your responses to each other, help each other identify the parts of the process properly so that the results can be clearly interpreted.recommended daily allowance (RDA) for iron really have the same amount?

Are all potato chips equally greasy (you can crush them to get uniform samples and look at the diameter of a grease spot on brown paper)?

Is greasiness different if different oils are used (e.g., peanut versus soybean)?

Does eating breakfast have an effect on school performance?

Do the same types of mold grow on all types of bread?

Does increasing the ethylene concentration ripen fruit more quickly?

Can you use a household water filter to remove flavor or color from other liquids?

Does the power of a microwave affect how well it makes popcorn?

Can you tell/taste the difference between ground beef, chuck, and round after they have been cooked?

sapphirehyena14

Science can be defined as a systematic approach to acquiring knowledge. Science is based upon facts and evidence rather than beliefs or superstitions. To understand Biology and science, you must first examine how scientific knowledge is obtained. Science is a process that involves several steps. Read the description of the steps involved in the scientific method in the text paying close attention to the steps outlined in Section 1.3. Then pick one of the examples below and describe the steps of the scientific method you would use to test the question or find the solution to the problem. In other words, please design a virtual experiment (using the steps of the scientific method) to test the hypothesis you make about one of the questions listed below.

Be sure to identify the steps (observation, hypothesis, prediction, experiment/test, controls, results, conclusions). In your responses to each other, help each other identify the parts of the process properly so that the results can be clearly interpreted.???

Will chilling an onion before cutting it keep you from crying?

If you shake up different kinds or brands of soft drinks (e.g., carbonated), will they all spew the same amount?

Do all breakfast cereals that say they have 100% of the U.S. recommended daily allowance (RDA) for iron really have the same amount?

Are all potato chips equally greasy (you can crush them to get uniform samples and look at the diameter of a grease spot on brown paper)? Is greasiness different if different oils are used (e.g., peanut versus soybean)?

Does eating breakfast have an effect on school performance?

Do the same types of mold grow on all types of bread?

Does increasing the ethylene concentration ripen fruit more quickly?

Can you use a household water filter to remove flavor or color from other liquids?

Does the power of a microwave affect how well it makes popcorn?

Can you tell/taste the difference between ground beef, chuck, and round after they have been cooked?

orangescorpion787

Class 6: Viruses (and Cells, continued)

Making connections: viruses and microbes Match the cell biology concept (on page 1) with an important application of that concept (on page 2). Then answer the follow-up questions at the bottom of page 2.

Cell Biology concepts
1. Bacteria that cannot construct new cell wall material become fragile and break down.
2. During influenza infection, the viral enzyme neuraminidase is required to release new viruses from the host cell in which they were made. Once released, the new viruses can infect many additional cells.
3. Thermus aquaticus is a bacterium found in hot springs and can live at temperatures up to ~80Â°C (175Â°F). It has adapted so that its enzymes are most functional at the elevated temperatures, compared with many organismsâ enzymes that function best ~37Â°C (98Â°F).
4. Until the isolation and investigation of retroviruses, scientists thought that RNA could be copied from DNA, but DNA could not be copied from RNA. Research on this class of viruses led to an update to this âCentral Dogmaâ of biology.
5. Some bacteria have adapted, so that the enzymes involved in making cell wall materials have a slightly different shape and can no longer be bound by certain drugs.
6. Rhizobia are bacteria that colonize the roots of certain plants (legumes, including beans and peas). The host plant benefits from the prokaryotesâ ability to âfixâ nitrogen, converting N2 from the atmosphere into a form that is usable by the plant.
7. Many species of bacteria contain the enzyme cellulase. More than 10 billion such bacteria and other symbiotic microbes may be found in a single milliliter of material from inside the digestive system of ruminant mammals.
8. Fungi, including those that cause athleteâs foot, use ergosterol to maintain healthy membranes. Animal cells do not make ergosterol, they use a similar lipid â cholesterol.
9. During retrovirus infection, a DNA copy is made of the virusâs RNA genome. A cut is made in the host cellâs DNA and the DNA copy of the viral genome is pasted into the host chromosome by a viral enzyme called integrase.
10. Prokaryotic cells contain smaller ribosomes (â70Sâ ribosomes) than eukaryotic cells (â80Sâ ribosomes). Both types of ribosomes synthesize proteins, but the macromolecules they use to do it are somewhat different.

2
Applications
_______ Oseltamivir, also called Tamiflu, binds and inhibits the viral protein neuraminidase.
_______ Clotrimazole is a drug that is used to treat certain infections. It interferes with synthesis of ergosterol, a lipid involved in phospholipid membranes.
_______ Penicillin is a drug that interferes with synthesis of peptidoglycans (these are biological molecules that are part protein and part carbohydrate) that are present in certain cell walls.
_______ HIV is often treated with several drugs that inhibit different parts of the viral replicative cycle. Raltegravir is an example of a drug that interferes with the integration of viral genes into the host cellâs chromosome.
_______ Cows, like other vertebrates, lack the ability to breakdown cellulose. Yet they are able to live on a diet of grass and other vegetation high in cellulose.
_______ Enzymes isolated from extremophiles have been very useful in laboratory research. For example, Taq polymerase facilitates PCR, a revolutionary technique for production of DNAs of particular sequences, which requires cycling reactions through high temperatures.
_______ Plants and animals require nitrogen to make biological macromolecules, however theyâre unable to convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into a biologically useful form.
_______ Azithromycin is a drug that binds to 70S ribosomes and blocks synthesis of any new proteins.
_______ Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) can cause life-threatening infections of the skin and bloodstream. One of the reasons MRSA infections are so serious is that they are resistant to treatment by many antibiotics, including methicillin and penicillin.
_______ The enzyme reverse transcriptase, isolated from retroviruses, is an important tool in molecular biology research. Scientists interested in learning what genes are turned on in particular cells use it to make DNA copies of RNAs they are studying (The DNA copies are useful because they are more stable).

When you have completed the matching activity, answer these follow-up questions:
â¢ What types of infections can be treated with the following drugs?
o Penicillin
o Clotrimazole
o Azithromycin
o Tamiflu
o Raltegravir
â¢ Why are these drugs (above) safe for you to take? That is, why donât they kill your cells?
â¢ Cancer cells are your own human cells that have become deregulated so that they divide and pile up in an uncontrolled way. Many chemotherapy drugs treat cancer by interfering with cell division and other cell processes.
o Why are there so many more side effects for individuals undergoing chemotherapy than for individuals taking antibiotics?

BPS 1101 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Thymol, Humphry Davy, Radithor

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