PSYC 2150 Lecture Notes - Lecture 6: Emic And Etic, Defence Mechanisms, Preconscious
Introduction
What is it?
- Consistent behaviour patterns and intrapersonal processes originating within the individual
- Interpersonal (relationship with the environment & others) vs intrapersonal (relationship with
yourself)
Approaches (6)
1. Psychodynamic: argue that people’s unconscious minds are largely responsible for important
differences in their behaviour styles
2. Trait: identify where a person might lie along a continuum of various personality characteristics
3. Biological: inherited predispositions & physiological processes to explain individual differences
4. Humanistic: identify personal responsibility & feelings of self acceptance as the key causes of
differences
5. behavioural/social learning: consistent behaviour patterns as the result of conditioning &
expectations
6. cognitive: looks at differences in the way people process info to explain differences
Explorations (3)
1. genetic vs environment
2. unconscious vs conscious of choices
3. determinism vs free will
Application
- psychotherapy: psychoanalytic, humanistic & cognitive therapists, and behaviourists
- also by psychologists working in educational, organizational and counselling settings
Assessment
- self-report (most popular)
- projective tests (psychoanalytic)
- observation (behavioural)
Research
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- formal experiments
- case studies
- correlation
University (“etic” position) vs relativism (“emic” position)
TRIP ARTITE framework
1. individual level
2. group level
3. universal level
Competition (individualist, oneself) vs Cooperation (collectivist, belonging) multicultural competence
Freud: Psychoanalytic
Topographical model
- Conscious:
oContains thoughts you’re currently aware of; changes constantly as new thoughts enter
one’s ind & others pass out of awareness
oCan only deal with a small proportion of all the info stored in your mind
- Preconscious:
oYou could bring an uncountable # of thoughts into consciousness fairly easily if you
wanted to
- Unconscious,
oVast majority of thoughts & the most important from a psychotherapy viewpoint
oMaterial cannot be immediately accessed, and can only be brought to consciousness
under certain situations
oBelieved that much of our everyday behaviour is influenced by it
oTechniques, such as free association or projective testing allow for conscious thoughts,
emotions & behaviour
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Structural Model
- Id
oSelfish parts of us, concerned only with satisfying our personal desires
opleasure principle
oimpulses
- Ego
oReality principle
oSatisfy the needs of the id but in a manner that takes into consideration the realities of
the world
o“ mediator”
- Superego
oRepresents society’s in particular the parents values & standards
oPunishes us for moral violations
2 instincts that drive our behaviour
- Libido: life or sexual instinct
- Thanatos: death or aggressive instinct
Defense mechanism (some people favour mechanisms over others without knowing)
- Displacement: channeling behaviour to other (non threatening) objects than the original source
(similar to sublimation in channeling but without the social rewards)
- Denial: this more than saying we don’t remember (as in repression), as the individual indicates
that something is not true despite all evidence to the contrary
- Reaction formation: we hide from a threatening unconscious idea or urge by acting in a manner
opposite to our unconscious desires
- Intellectualisation: this involves removing the emotional content from a thought before allowing
it into conscious awareness
- Projection: we attribute an unconscious impulse to other people instead of to ourselves
- Sublimation
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Consistent behaviour patterns and intrapersonal processes originating within the individual. Interpersonal (relationship with the environment & others) vs intrapersonal (relationship with yourself) 6. cognitive: looks at differences in the way people process info to explain differences. Explorations (3: genetic vs environment, unconscious vs conscious of choices, determinism vs free will. Application psychotherapy: psychoanalytic, humanistic & cognitive therapists, and behaviourists also by psychologists working in educational, organizational and counselling settings. Assessment self-report (most popular) projective tests (psychoanalytic) observation (behavioural) 1. individual level: group level, universal level. Competition (individualist, oneself) vs cooperation (collectivist, belonging) multicultural competence. Conscious: contains thoughts you"re currently aware of; changes constantly as new thoughts enter one"s ind & others pass out of awareness, can only deal with a small proportion of all the info stored in your mind. Preconscious: you could bring an uncountable # of thoughts into consciousness fairly easily if you wanted to.
