AHSS 1140 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: 1969 White Paper, Mackenzie Valley Pipeline, James Bay And Northern Quebec Agreement
14 Jun 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
Aboriginal Issues
Aboriginal -a descendant of any of the indigenous peoples who inhabited Canada
before the arrival of European Settlers
Constitutionally includes: First Nations; Inuit; and Metis
→
•
First Nations -Southern Aboriginal people.
•
Inuit -Northern Aboriginal People
•
Metis -Aboriginal/European descendants -Western Canada
•
Status and Non-Status Indians
-
Benefits for Status: money for ammunition; hunting and fishing rights; tax free
status;
-
1867 -BNA -Federal Responsibility
○
1876 -Indian Act -Status Indians
○
1969 White Paper
○
1969 White Paper -Assimilation
Trudeau’s liberal understanding:
Indigenous social problems arose from the fact that they were not treated
as equal
-
How can one set of citizens negotiate with another set of citizens?
-
We cannot possibly make up for the past: we must be just in our time.
-
But the White Paper did not (meaningfully) consult Aboriginal leaders
→
•
White Paper
Tried to end the reservation system
•
Tried to end the legal status for Indians
•
Wanted to end benefits package for status Indians
•
Consider them equal "a thinly disguised program of extermination through
assimilation".
•
Aboriginal Issues
1975 James Bay Agreement
•
1977 Berger Inquiry -The Mackenzie Valley Pipeline
•
1982 Constitution Act -Charter
•
1990 Oka Crisis
•
1991 Royal Commission ( RCAP) -Aboriginal Action Plan
•
1999 Creation of Nunavut
•
2000 Nisga Treaty -self governance
•
2002-Present -? Caledonia, Attawapiskat, TRC
•
Aboriginal Affairs-Why is this so hard?
Legitimacy Problems
Many aboriginals do not see themselves as Canadian citizens
-
Very few aboriginals have voted since 1960
-
A contempt for the white state apparatus
-
•
Demographic Realities
Over 600 First Nations
-
First Nations demand the same kind of jurisdictions that Quebec does.
-
But even with financial resources, it would be difficult to deliver governance
-
•
The issue of the Urban Aboriginal population
How can first nations be self-governing if half of them live in cities. Can two
policies co-exist?
-
Urban situation of aboriginals is extremely difficult
-
•
Positive Signs -improvement in most indicators
-
Recent acceptance of responsibility by government
-
Movement towards self-government and land claim resolution –Nunavut, James Bay
Cree, Nisga’ Treaty
-
Aboriginal pride
-
4 Types of Self Government
Adapted Federalism –creation of a new form of government , e.g a province or a
region –Nunavut
•
Trilateral Federalism –third order of government
fed/provincial and then aboriginal system that is outside the constitution
-
•
Dual Federalism –aboriginals form a relationship with the rest of Canada rather than
being part of Canada
•
Mini Municipalities –cities and towns
•
FEB 28TH
French/English Relations
History
-
1945-59 -Duplessis Years
•
1960 -Quiet Revolution -Lesage
•
1968 -Royal Commission
•
1969 -Official Languages Act
At the FEDERAL level (provinces not obligated) have to know French &
English.
→
Act that was forced through a commissioner, had to apply to Parliament
as well, not only public servants.
→
Ppl weren't happy in Quebec
→
•
1970 -FLQ Crisis -War Measure’s Act
Two British diplomats were kidnapped
→
Act became really bad-had to deploy army for a long period of time
→
Trudeau gave police lots of power to stop terrorists
→
•
1976 -Parti Quebecois Election
French Canadians decided to take matters into their own hands
→
Came up with their own separate political party-to ensure that Quebec
will eventually become independent in Canada
→
One dimensional culture existing in Quebec at this point.
→
•
1977 -Bill 101 French Language
Very controversial-4 controversial provisions
→
Only one provision exists today
Declared French to be the ONLY official language in Quebec1.
Any signs (indoor/outdoor) had to be written ONLY in French, had
language police to check around.
2.
Schools had to be in French, could not educate your child in a
minority language, it HAD to be French
3.
Any business that had more than 50 employees, had to run their
business in French.
4.
→
These constitutions started a war
→
Battle continued up to the 1980's.
→
They did not want to lose Bill 101, which is why they never signed the
constitution.
→
Bill 101 eventually became Bill 178: the signs written in French as well
stayed.
→
•
1980 -Quebec Referendum
Based on Soverity association-still have Political/Economic ties with
Canada but be separate
→
Still wanted to share currency, immigration.
→
They wanted complete control over language, education but people
rejected in and said if they were to do that they would have to change
EVERYTHING.
→
Would have many consequences-trade, travel, currency, stock market,
mass migration outside of Quebec because of Anglophones.
→
•
1982 -Constitution Act
•
1987 -Bill 101 ruled unconstitutional
Still kept some provisions but most were ruled unconditional
→
•
1987 -Meech Lake Accord
•
1992 -Charlottetown Accord
Constitutional amendment courts, to make Quebec sign constitution they
had to do things to make Quebec Happy
→
•
Constitutional Politics in Canada -1987 –1990 Meech Lake Accord
Mulroney’s Conservative Coalition
-
Federalism a ‘community of communities’
-
Asymmetrical federalism
Quebec recognized as a distinct society
→
…increased power over immigration
→
Preference to one province, over the others
→
-
Decentralization
-
1990: Failure to ratify in Manitoba, Newfoundland
-
Constitutional Politics in Canada -1992 –Charlottetown Accord
Decentralization
-
Aboriginal self-government
-
Triple E Senate
-
Asymmetrical federalism
25% of seats guaranteed for Quebec
→
Distinct society
→
-
Referendum to ratify
-
Result of referendum? 54% and 6/10 provinces NO –Another referendum?
-
French/English Relations
Independence
-
Sovereignty Association
-
Distinct Society
-
Equal Provinces, Strong Federal Gov’t, National Bilingualism
-
Equal and Strong Provinces, Quebec Bilingualism
-
W4 Aboriginal Affairs, Quebec & Language Politics in Canada
Wednesday,) January)31,)2018
7:40)AM
Aboriginal Issues
Aboriginal -a descendant of any of the indigenous peoples who inhabited Canada
before the arrival of European Settlers
Constitutionally includes: First Nations; Inuit; and Metis
→
•
First Nations -Southern Aboriginal people.
•
Inuit -Northern Aboriginal People
•
Metis -Aboriginal/European descendants -Western Canada
•
Status and Non-Status Indians
-
Benefits for Status: money for ammunition; hunting and fishing rights; tax free
status;
-
1867 -BNA -Federal Responsibility
○
1876 -Indian Act -Status Indians
○
1969 White Paper
○
1969 White Paper -Assimilation
Trudeau’s liberal understanding:
Indigenous social problems arose from the fact that they were not treated
as equal
-
How can one set of citizens negotiate with another set of citizens?
-
We cannot possibly make up for the past: we must be just in our time.
-
But the White Paper did not (meaningfully) consult Aboriginal leaders
→
•
White Paper
Tried to end the reservation system
•
Tried to end the legal status for Indians
•
Wanted to end benefits package for status Indians
•
Consider them equal "a thinly disguised program of extermination through
assimilation".
•
Aboriginal Issues
1975 James Bay Agreement
•
1977 Berger Inquiry -The Mackenzie Valley Pipeline
•
1982 Constitution Act -Charter
•
1990 Oka Crisis
•
1991 Royal Commission ( RCAP) -Aboriginal Action Plan
•
1999 Creation of Nunavut
•
2000 Nisga Treaty -self governance
•
2002-Present -? Caledonia, Attawapiskat, TRC
•
Aboriginal Affairs-Why is this so hard?
Legitimacy Problems
Many aboriginals do not see themselves as Canadian citizens
-
Very few aboriginals have voted since 1960
-
A contempt for the white state apparatus
-
•
Demographic Realities
Over 600 First Nations
-
First Nations demand the same kind of jurisdictions that Quebec does.
-
But even with financial resources, it would be difficult to deliver governance
-
•
The issue of the Urban Aboriginal population
How can first nations be self-governing if half of them live in cities. Can two
policies co-exist?
-
Urban situation of aboriginals is extremely difficult
-
•
Positive Signs -improvement in most indicators
-
Recent acceptance of responsibility by government
-
Movement towards self-government and land claim resolution –Nunavut, James Bay
Cree, Nisga’ Treaty
-
Aboriginal pride
-
4 Types of Self Government
Adapted Federalism –creation of a new form of government , e.g a province or a
region –Nunavut
•
Trilateral Federalism –third order of government
fed/provincial and then aboriginal system that is outside the constitution
-
•
Dual Federalism –aboriginals form a relationship with the rest of Canada rather than
being part of Canada
•
Mini Municipalities –cities and towns
•
FEB 28TH
French/English Relations
History
-
1945-59 -Duplessis Years
•
1960 -Quiet Revolution -Lesage
•
1968 -Royal Commission
•
1969 -Official Languages Act
At the FEDERAL level (provinces not obligated) have to know French &
English.
→
Act that was forced through a commissioner, had to apply to Parliament
as well, not only public servants.
→
Ppl weren't happy in Quebec
→
•
1970 -FLQ Crisis -War Measure’s Act
Two British diplomats were kidnapped
→
Act became really bad-had to deploy army for a long period of time
→
Trudeau gave police lots of power to stop terrorists
→
•
1976 -Parti Quebecois Election
French Canadians decided to take matters into their own hands
→
Came up with their own separate political party-to ensure that Quebec
will eventually become independent in Canada
→
One dimensional culture existing in Quebec at this point.
→
•
1977 -Bill 101 French Language
Very controversial-4 controversial provisions
→
Only one provision exists today
Declared French to be the ONLY official language in Quebec1.
Any signs (indoor/outdoor) had to be written ONLY in French, had
language police to check around.
2.
Schools had to be in French, could not educate your child in a
minority language, it HAD to be French
3.
Any business that had more than 50 employees, had to run their
business in French.
4.
→
These constitutions started a war
→
Battle continued up to the 1980's.
→
They did not want to lose Bill 101, which is why they never signed the
constitution.
→
Bill 101 eventually became Bill 178: the signs written in French as well
stayed.
→
•
1980 -Quebec Referendum
Based on Soverity association-still have Political/Economic ties with
Canada but be separate
→
Still wanted to share currency, immigration.
→
They wanted complete control over language, education but people
rejected in and said if they were to do that they would have to change
EVERYTHING.
→
Would have many consequences-trade, travel, currency, stock market,
mass migration outside of Quebec because of Anglophones.
→
•
1982 -Constitution Act
•
1987 -Bill 101 ruled unconstitutional
Still kept some provisions but most were ruled unconditional
→
•
1987 -Meech Lake Accord
•
1992 -Charlottetown Accord
Constitutional amendment courts, to make Quebec sign constitution they
had to do things to make Quebec Happy
→
•
Constitutional Politics in Canada -1987 –1990 Meech Lake Accord
Mulroney’s Conservative Coalition
-
Federalism a ‘community of communities’
-
Asymmetrical federalism
Quebec recognized as a distinct society
→
…increased power over immigration
→
Preference to one province, over the others
→
-
Decentralization
-
1990: Failure to ratify in Manitoba, Newfoundland
-
Constitutional Politics in Canada -1992 –Charlottetown Accord
Decentralization
-
Aboriginal self-government
-
Triple E Senate
-
Asymmetrical federalism
25% of seats guaranteed for Quebec
→
Distinct society
→
-
Referendum to ratify
-
Result of referendum? 54% and 6/10 provinces NO –Another referendum?
-
French/English Relations
Independence
-
Sovereignty Association
-
Distinct Society
-
Equal Provinces, Strong Federal Gov’t, National Bilingualism
-
Equal and Strong Provinces, Quebec Bilingualism
-
W4 Aboriginal Affairs, Quebec & Language Politics in Canada
Wednesday,) January)31,)2018 7:40)AM
