CONS 425 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Radiative Forcing, Ecosystem Services, Small Hydro
11 Oct 2017
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Document Summary
All energy conversion processes and technologies have. A by-product of a process that is harmful to the environment (defined to include human and non-human organisms) Fuel+air = co2 + h2o + pollutants + heat energy. Pollutants can be chemical, physical, radioactive, biological. Outside the inputs and intended outputs of an activity. Negative externalities harm that exists as a consequence of an activity e. g. pollution. Positive externalities benefits that exist as a consequence of an activity e. g. biodiversity on military bases. Energy sector creates both positive and negative externalities. Mining: 1% of workforce, 8% of fatal occupational accidents. >100,000 in u. s. since 1990, 3800-6000/yr in china. Exposure to coal dust, etc ~200,000 deaths in us since. Specifically relates to impact on general population. Can be either short-term (respiratory problems on high ozone days) or long-term (cancer risk from toxic or radioactive compounds) Can cause injury, illness (morbidity) or death (mortality) Household fuel combustion ~3. 5 million deaths/yr.
