PSYCH101 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Stamen, Homeostasis, Cognitive Evaluation Theory
1 Aug 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
Motivation
Environment
X WHY?
Person → Behaviour → Outcomes
Characteristics of Motivation
• WHY?
• An inferred construct
• Presumed to be an intervening variable essential for performance
• Temporary and fleeting
o In contrast to learning
▪ Can change from motivated to not within seconds
Measures of Motivation
• Intensity
o Energy, enthusiasm, degree of effort exerted
o Measured by perceived level of effort of by physiological arousal
• Direction/Choices
o Volitional approach or avoidance of alternative activities
o Selection of outcomes worthy of effort
o Degree of task difficulty selected
• Persistence
o Commitment to choices
o Continued effort following frustration (goal-blockage)
Mechanistic Approach: Internal Forces
Environment
X
Person → Behaviour → Outcomes
Mechanistic Approach: Instincts
• An instinct is a fixed (rigid and predictable) pattern of behaviour that is
o Not acquired by learning
o Common to all members of the species
o Likely rooted in genes
• Other species have genetically programmed instincts “motivating” their actions
• Are humans motivated by instincts?
o Human babies show certain reflexes, but in general, out behaviour is less prescribed by
genetics than other animals
o Instinct theory has given way to evolutionary theory in explaining human behaviour
o We have general patterns of behaviour which can be explained as emerging through
natural selection
Environment
X
Person → Behaviour → Outcomes
Instincts
Instincts
Needs and Drives
Needs and Drives
• Clark Hull 1884-1952
• Konrad Lorenz 1903-1989
• Sigmund Freud 1856-1939
Drive Reduction Theory
Environment
X
Person → Behaviour → Outcomes
• Person – Needs food
• Behaviour – Hunger drive, Eat!
• Outcomes – Feel full (stop eating)
Psychodynamic Theory
• Person – Intrapsychic Conflicts, Unconscious Instincts, Needs, Wishes
• Behaviour – Drive-reducing
• Outcomes – Catharsis (zero arousal), release of needs
External Forces: Incentives
Environment
X
Person → Behaviour → Outcomes
The Law of Effect
• Outcome = Positive IV = MORE LIKELY to engage in behaviour
• Outcome = Negative IV = LESS LIKELY to engage in behaviour
Humanistic Approach
• Abraham Maslow 1908-1970
• Carl Rogers 1902-1987
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Drive-reducing
Needs and Drives
Homeostasis (zero
arousal)
Incentive Value (IV)
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Document Summary
Characteristics of motivation: why, an inferred construct, presumed to be an intervening variable essential for performance, temporary and fleeting. In contrast to learning: can change from motivated to not within seconds. Instinct theory has given way to evolutionary theory in explaining human behaviour: we have general patterns of behaviour which can be explained as emerging through natural selection. Needs and drives: clark hull 1884-1952, konrad lorenz 1903-1989, sigmund freud 1856-1939. Homeostasis (zero arousal: person needs food, behaviour hunger drive, eat, outcomes feel full (stop eating) Psychodynamic theory: person intrapsychic conflicts, unconscious instincts, needs, wishes, behaviour drive-reducing, outcomes catharsis (zero arousal), release of needs. Incentive value (iv: outcome = positive iv = more likely to engage in behaviour, outcome = negative iv = less likely to engage in behaviour. Humanistic approach: abraham maslow 1908-1970, carl rogers 1902-1987. Maslow"s hierarchy of needs: one problem = its garbage, didn"t do any research, proposed theory and espoused it and that"s it.
