ECON101 Lecture Notes - Lecture 5: Demand Curve, Prefrontal Cortex, Rationality

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carminescorpion131

9 Nov 2016

School

University of Waterloo

Department

Economics

Course

ECON101

Professor

Nafeez Fatima

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ECON101 Full Course Notes

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Choices you make as a buyer of goods are influenced by many factors, summarized under two broad headings: consumption possibilities, preferences. Consumption possibilities are all the things that you can afford to buy which is limited by your income and the prices that you must pay. A budget line marks the boundary between the combinations of goods and services that a household can afford to buy. Consumption possibilities change when income or price changes. Rise in income shifts the budget line outward but slope remains the same. Change in a price changes the slope of the line. The budget line shows what is possible; preferences determine which possibility is chosen. Consumption possibilities offers various choices, but the choice made depends on preference. Wants to explain what determines demand and marginal benefit. One approach to this problem uses the idea of utility. Utility is the benefit or satisfaction that a person gets from the consumption of goods and services.

Related Questions

1. If the cross price elasticity of demand between two commodities is positive, then these commodities are

Select one:

a. are complements.

b. are inferior.

c. are superior.

d. are substitutes.

Answer...?

2. Along a given indifference curve, a consumer reduces the quantity of one good in favor of more units of the other. In this situation

Select one:

a. the marginal utility of the first rises and the marginal utility of the second good falls.

b. Total utility rises.

c. Both the marginal rate of substitution falls and the marginal utility of the first rises and the marginal utility of the second good falls are correct.

d. the marginal rate of substitution falls.

Answer...?

3. Along a given indifference curve, a consumer reduces the quantity of one good in favor of more units of the other. In this situation

Select one:

a. the marginal utility of the first rises and the marginal utility of the second good falls.

b. Total utility rises.

c. Both the marginal rate of substitution falls and the marginal utility of the first rises and the marginal utility of the second good falls are correct.

d. the marginal rate of substitution falls.

Answer...?

4. Moral hazard is a barrier to financing global growth because

Select one:

a. of the differences between financing using loans, portfolio investment and foreign direct investment.

b. there is the possibility that the funds are used for riskier behavior than the lender agreed to.

c. firms sometimes have trouble determining whether they need funds or not.

d. if investors have trouble identifying high-risk firms they may be unwilling to give money to creditworthy firms.

5. Moral hazard is a barrier to financing global growth because

Answer...?

6. Which of the following statements is FALSE?

Select one:

a. Price elasticity of supply can never equal 1.

b. Time is an important consideration in determining supply elasticity.

c. A horizontal supply curve is possible.

d. A perfectly inelastic supply curve is a vertical line.

Answer...?

7. Corporations are able to raise large amounts of financial capital because

Select one:

a. of limited liability and the treatment of a corporation as an individual entity.

b. of the tax breaks corporations are given relative to partnerships or proprietorships.

c. of the elimination of the problem of separation of ownership and control.

d. of their greater ability to monitor the performance of decision makers.

Answer...?

8. The largest quota subscriber of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) is

Select one:

a. China.

b. Japan.

c. Germany.

d. the United States.

Answer...?

9. To derive the demand curve from the indifference map,

Select one:

a. vary the prices of both goods while holding income constant.

b. vary the price of one good while holding the price of the other good and income constant.

c. vary income while holding the prices constant.

d. vary the price of one good and income while holding the price of the other good constant.

Answer...?

10. As an individual consumes more of a particular commodity, the total level of utility derived from that consumption will

Select one:

a. increase at a constant rate.

b. increase at a decreasing rate.

c. remain constant.

d. increase at an increasing rate.

Answer...?

11. Which of the following is a TRUE statement about stock markets?

Select one:

a. It is always better to buy growth stocks than the older and more stable blue-chip stocks.

b. Economists can make above-average profits in the stock market because of their specialized knowledge of economics.

c. It is illegal for a friend of a corporate executive to make large profits in the stock market by using his inside information.

d. The stock market on average over time is random and totally unrelated to the performance of the economy.

Answer...?

12. Income elasticity of demand is defined as

Select one:

a. the percentage change in demand divided by the percentage change in income.

b. the percentage change in income divided by the percentage change in quantity demanded.

c. the change in quantity demanded divided by the change in market price.

d. the change in quantity demanded divided by the change in income.

Answer...?

13. The consumption possibilities curve is the

Select one:

a. budget constraint.

b. indifference curve.

c. supply curve.

d. demand curve.

Answer...?

14. According to the random walk theory,

Select one:

a. the probability that a stock's price will increase tomorrow is greater if it increased today.

b. the probability that a stock's price will increase tomorrow is greater if it decreased today.

c. the best forecast of tomorrow's price is today's price.

d. the best forecast of tomorrow's price is found by determining the trend for the last five trading days.

Answer...?

15. "Unit elasticity of demand can be found everywhere along a straight-line demand curve with a slope of -1." Do you agree or disagree? Explain.

Answer:

16. For which of the following would the absolute price elasticity of demand be greatest?

Select one:

a. Pepsi Cola

b. Tickets to the Super Bowl

c. Salt

d. Gasoline

Answer...?

16. The price of a hamburger is $1 and the price of a movie is $4 and the consumer has $10. A consumer has purchased 2 hamburgers and 2 movies, receiving 25 units of utility for the second hamburger and 100 units of utility for the second movie. The set of goods

Select one:

a. is not an optimum because the marginal utility per dollar spent is greater for hamburgers than for movies.

b. is not an optimum because the consumer has not spent all of his money.

c. is an optimum since the entire income is spent and total utility is minimized.

d. is an optimum since the entire income is spent and the marginal utility per dollar spent is the same for the last unit of each good.

Answer...?

17. Marginal utility

Select one:

a. is stable, but then as a person consumes more of a good or service, has a propensity to increase.

b. equals the total satisfaction from consumption of goods and services.

c. can be thought of as being the equivalent to total utility.

d. at first rises and then declines as a person consumes more of a good or service.

Answer...?

18. The nominal rate of interest is 4% and the anticipated rate of inflation is 5%. What is the real rate of interest?

Select one:

a. 1%

b. 4%

c. -1%

d. 9%

Answer...?

19. Using the above table, what is the total utility of consuming 3 bottles of soda?

Select one:

a. 115

b. 135

c. 120

d. 240

Answer...?

20. Dead capital is

Select one:

a. machinery that fails to operate properly.

b. a capital resource that depreciates rapidly.

Answer...?

21. What is the annual rate of growth of per capita real GDP if real GDP grows at a constant rate of 5 percent per year and the annual rate of population growth is 3 percent?

Select one:

a. 1.7 percent

b. 8 percent

c. 5 percent

d. 2 percent

c. machinery that requires constant maintenance.

d. any capital resource that lacks clear title of ownership.

Answer...?

1) Suppose your grandmother gave you $25 for your birthday and you decided to spend all of it on candy bars and bags of popcorn. The price of candy bars is $1.25 and price of a bag of peanuts is $3.75.

a) Construct a table showing the alternative combinations of the two products that are available.

b) Plot the data in your table as a budget line in a graph. What is the slope of the budget line? What is the opportunity cost of one more candy bar? Of one bag of peanuts?

c) How, in general, would you decide which of the available combinations of candy bars and bags of peanuts to buy?

2) With current technology, suppose a firm is producing 750 screwdrivers daily. Also assume that the least-cost combination of resources in producing those screwdrivers is 15 units of labor, 20 units of land, 4 units of capital, and 3 unit of entrepreneurial ability, selling at prices of $50, $45, $75, and $50, respectively. If the firm can sell these 750 screwdrivers at $2.50 per unit,

a) what is its total revenue?

b) what is its total cost?

c) what is its profit or loss?

d) will it continue to produce screwdrivers?

e) If this firmâs situation is typical for the other makers of screwdrivers, will resources flow toward or away from this product?

3) How will each of the following changes in demand and/or supply affect equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity in a competitive market; that is, do equilibirium price and quantity rise, fall , or are the answers indeterminate because they depend on the magnitudes of the shifts?

a)Supply decreases and demand is constant. Change in eqilibrium price chnage in eqilibrium quantity

b)Demand decreases and supply is constant.

c)Supply increases and demand is constant.

d)Demand increases and supply increases.

e)Demand decreases and supply decreases.

4)Zeke likes to go to music concerts. The number of times per year that he attends concerts depends on both the price of the concerts as well as Zekeâs income and the cost of other types of entertainmentâin particular, how much it costs to go see a movie instead of attending concerts. The three demand schedules in the $60,000 per year and movies cost $10 each. In scenario D2, Zeke's income is also $60,000 per year, but the price of seeing a movie rises to $12. And in scenario D3, Zeke's income goes up to $80,000 per year, while movies cost $12.

a)Using the data under D1 and D2, calculate the cross-elasticity of Zeke's demand for concerts at all three prices. (To do this, apply the midpoints approach to the cross-elasticity of demand.) Is the cross-elasticity the same at all three prices? Are movies and concerts substitute goods, complementary goods, or independent goods?

b)Using the data under D2 and D3, calculate the income elasticity of Zeke's demand for concerts at all three prices. (To do this, apply the midpoints approach to the income elasticity of demand.) Is the income elasticity the same at all three prices? Are concerts an inferior good?

PRICE	D1	D2	D3
50	10	5	12
40	15	10	25
30	25	15	40

Income 60,000 60,000 80,000

Cost of revenue 10 12 12

5) On the basis of the three individual demand schedules below, and assuming these three people are the only ones in the society, determine (a) the market (a) the market demand schedule on the assumption that the good is a private good and (b) the collective demand schedule on the assumption that the good is a public good.

P	Qd(D1)	Qd(D2)	Qd(d3)
20	0	0	1
19	0	1	2
17	0	2	3
16	0	3	4
15	1	4	5
14	2	5	6
13	3	6	7
12	4	7	8
11	5	8	9
10	6	9	10

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ECON101 Lecture Notes - Lecture 5: Demand Curve, Prefrontal Cortex, Rationality

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