BIOL302 Lecture Notes - Lecture 8: Proximal Tubule, Simple Squamous Epithelium, Distal Convoluted Tubule

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blueeagle732

13 Feb 2018

School

University of Waterloo

Department

Biology

Course

BIOL302

Professor

Mungo Marsden

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Document Summary

The urinary system consists of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra. Its main function is to remove metabolic wastes and to maintain ionic balance in the circulatory system. Much like the respiratory system it is not really possible to separate the circulatory system from the urinary system. They are intimately tied in both structure and function. The two major functional divisions of the urinary system are 1) the nephron which produces urine and 2) a duct system to convey the urine out of the body. The kidneys are composed of two distinct regions, an outer cortex and an inner medulla. The cortex contains the structures which filter the blood (renal corpuscles) and the initial portions of the duct system. The medulla is composed primarily of straight ducts, giving it a characteristic striated appearance. The medulla is divided into inverted pyramid-shaped sections, with the bases next to the cortex.

Related Questions

Lab 11 â Urinary and Reproductive Systems

Prelab. Define all of the following terms/structures.

Lab. Be able to ID these terms/structures on pictures/models AND generally define them along with function!

**DONâT NEED TO NOW ON MODELS

Urinary system:

Kidneys

Hilum

Renal cortex

Renal medulla

Ureters

Urinary bladder

Urethra

Adrenal gland

Reproductive system:

Gametes**

Gonads

External genitalia

Male anatomy:

Testes

Seminiferous tubules**

Epididymis

Ductus deferens (vas deferens)

Spermatic cord**

Inguinal canal**

Ejaculatory duct

Urethra

Accessory glands

Seminal glands (seminal vesicles)

Prostate gland

Bulbo-urethral gland

Female anatomy:

Ovaries

Uterine tube (Fallopian tube, oviduct)

Infundibulum

Fimbriae

Uterus

Cervix

Endometrium

Myometrium

Perimetrium

Vulva

Labia minora

Clitoris

Mons pubis

Labia majora

pinkwhale636

. The kidneys contain millions of _________, which are the smallest functional units of the kidneys since each one can make urine from blood.

2. There are 3 stages in urine formation. The first stage is called____________; during this stage, blood pressure pushes water and small solutes out of a ball of capillaries called the __________ into the first part of the renal tubule called the _________ _________.

3. The second stage of urine formation is called _________. Cells lining the proximal convoluted tubules (PCTs) have special projections called _________ which increase their surface area, thus enabling the PCTs to transport about 70% of filtrate back into blood.

4. When a person is dehydrated, their blood volume and blood pressure are too low. Two hormones reduce the loss of sodium and water from the body during dehydration by concentrating urine to prevent further water loss. The first hormone is secreted by the adrenal cortex and is called __________; this hormone stimulates sodium retention by nephrons. The second hormone is released by the posterior pituitary gland and is called _________; this hormone cause water retention by nephrons.

5. ___________is the waste product of cellular respiration (ATP synthesis). This waste product must be eliminated from the body because it becomes toxic at high levels. This waste product combines with water in blood to form carbonic acid, which is then converted into bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) and hydrogen ions (H+). Hydrogen ions lower blood pH, causing it to become too acidic. Kidneys are able to sense high H+ levels in blood and actively transport hydrogen ions (and other toxic blood borne chemicals) from blood into urine during ___________, the third stage of urine formation.

6. Urine and blood differ in composition. In a healthy person, blood contains _________ , __________, and _________ but urine DOES NOT these materials.

7. Urine moves from the kidneys down the ureters into the bladder due to __________, a form of motility wherein _________ muscle tissue in the ureteral walls undergoes rhythmic waves of contractions.

8. The kidneys are located in the ___________ cavity; ureters conduct urine to the urinary bladder which is located in the pelvic cavity behind the symphysis joint of the _________ bones.

9. The three major systems which participate in the excretion of cellular wastes from blood include: the __________ system which eliminates urea and excess electrolytes like sodium; the ___________ system which eliminates water and salt; and the ____________ system, which eliminates carbon dioxide.

10. When the bladder is full, the _____________ reflex is initiated. During this reflex, the bladder walls contract and the ________ ________ sphincter, a circular structure made of _______ ______tissue, relaxes. Upon sensing an urge to urinate, a person can consciously contract their _______ _______ sphincter, a circular structure made of ________ ________ tissue - this stops the flow of urine out of the bladder and into the urethra until the time is convenient to urinate.

REFERENCE CITATIONS: _______________________________

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BIOL302 Lecture Notes - Lecture 8: Proximal Tubule, Simple Squamous Epithelium, Distal Convoluted Tubule

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