AFM373 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Opportunity Cost, Profit Maximization, Net Present Value

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lilacmouse857

28 Jun 2018

School

University of Waterloo

Department

Accounting & Financial Management

Course

AFM373

Professor

Neil Brisley

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Class 2

Jan 8th

January 8, 2018 1:07 PM

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Product, social, economic

Want to maintain control after

takeovers

Outsider institutional shareholders

cares about profits

Outsider retail shareholders may have

mixed feels

Unilever will lever the brand and product

Society got better became the winners of the

transaction won more than what the losers

lost

Stakeholder theory:

Care about all parties

Downside:

Confused who are stakeholders and how

to cater to their interests

A single value doesn’t mean ignore

everything else, e.g. social and econ may

feed into product value

AFM 373 Page 2

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Document Summary

Society got better became the winners of the transaction won more than what the losers lost. Confused who are stakeholders and how to cater to their interests. A single value doesn"t mean ignore everything else, e. g. social and econ may feed into product value. If you let the market be free, people compete with each other and reaches competitive equilibrium. This makes the pie the biggest and creates the most wealth. The invisible hand of the market can do what no governments can do. Economic profit: e. g. if i produce a product and sells for , and someone else produces at . The opportunity cost for me is the of the other person"s selling price. Resources will end up in the hands of those that can best use them. We assume consumers are rational. e. g. we spend k on iphone, that was the best possible use of that money. No body owns it, but everyone suffers if its polluted.

Related Questions

(f) Prepare a post-closing trial balance, and determine whether the subsidiary ledgers agree with the control accounts in the general ledger.

Check figures:

Cash Receipts Journal, total Cash DR: $ 70,348

Cash Payments Journal, total Cash CR: 62,060

Net Income: 25,218 Total Assets: 149,568

Total Post Closing Trial Balance: 151,193

Sun & Surf Company uses a perpetual inventory system and both an accounts receivable and an accounts payable subsidiary ledger. Balances related to both the general ledger and the subsidiary ledger for Sun & Surf are indicated in the working papers. Below are a series of transactions for Sun & Surf Co. for the month of January. Credit sales terms are 2/10, n/30. The cost of all merchandise sold was 55% of the sales price.

Jan.3 Sell merchandise on account to M. Knast $5,100, invoice no. 825, and to C. Ryder $1,900, invoice no. 826.

5 Purchase merchandise from R. Drifter $5,000 and N. Sova $2,200, terms n/30.

7 Receive checks from V. Arnold $4,000 and I. Tan $2,000 after discount period has lapsed.

8 Pay freight on merchandise purchased $235.

9 Send checks to K. Xerxes for $9,000 less 2% cash discount, and to T. Caper for $11,000 less 1% cash discount.

9 Issue credit of $300 to C. Ryder for merchandise returned.

10 Summary daily cash sales total $15,500.

11 Sell merchandise on account to D. Gallagher $1,600, invoice no. 827, and to V. Arnold $900, invoice no. 828.

12 Pay rent of $1,000 for January.

13 Receive payment in full from M. Knast and C. Ryder less cash discounts.

15 Withdrawal of $800 cash by J. Sandy for personal use.

15 Post all entries to the subsidiary ledgers.

16 Purchase merchandise from T. Caper $18,000, terms 1/10, n/30; K. Xerxes $14,200, terms 2/10, n/30; and R. Drifter $1,500, terms n/30.

17 Pay $400 cash for office supplies.

18 Return $200 of merchandise to K. Xerxes and receive credit.

20 Summary daily cash sales total $20,100.

21 Issue $15,000 note, maturing in 90 days, to M. Griffen in payment of balance due.

21 Receive payment in full from V. Arnold less cash discount.

22 Sell merchandise on account to M. Knast $2,700, invoice no. 829, and to D. Gallagher $1,300, invoice no. 830.

22 Post all entries to the subsidiary ledgers.

23 Send checks to T. Caper and K. Xerxes in full payment less cash discounts.

25 Sell merchandise on account to I. Tan $3,500, invoice no. 831, and to C. Ryder $6,100, invoice no. 832.

27 Purchase merchandise from T. Caper $14,500, terms 1/10, n/30; N. Sova $1,200, terms n/30; and R. Drifter $5,400, terms n/30.

27 Post all entries to the subsidiary ledgers.

28 Pay $275 cash for office supplies.

31 Summary daily cash sales total $21,300.

31 Pay salaries and wages of $8,100. (continued)

Page 2 of 2

Instructions

(a) Record the January transactions in a sales journal, a single-column purchases journal, a cash receipts journal, a cash payments journal, and a two-column general journal.

(b) Post the journals to the general ledger.

(c) Prepare a trial balance at January 31, 2017, in the trial balance columns of the worksheet. Complete the worksheet using the following additional information.

1. Office supplies at January 31 total $900.

2. Insurance coverage expires on September 30, 2017.

3. Annual depreciation on the equipment is $1,500.

4. Interest of $50 has accrued on the note payable.

(f) Prepare a post-closing trial balance, and determine whether the subsidiary ledgers agree with the control accounts in the general ledger.

General Ledger
Cash					No. 101
Date	Explanation	Ref.	Debit	Credit	Balance
Jan. 1	Balance	â			$ 37,150


Accounts Receivable					No. 112
Date	Explanation	Ref.	Debit	Credit	Balance
Jan. 1	Balance	â			$ 13,000



Notes Receivable					No. 115
Date	Explanation	Ref.	Debit	Credit	Balance
Jan. 1	Balance	â			$ 39,000
Inventory					No. 120
Date	Explanation	Ref.	Debit	Credit	Balance
Jan. 1	Balance	â			$ 17,795







Office Supplies					No. 125
Date	Explanation	Ref.	Debit	Credit	Balance
Jan. 1	Balance	â			$ 1,200


Prepaid Insurance					No. 130
Date	Explanation	Ref.	Debit	Credit	Balance
Jan. 1	Balance	â			$ 2,205

Equipment					No. 157
Date	Explanation	Ref.	Debit	Credit	Balance
Jan. 1	Balance	â			$ 6,450
Accumulated Depreciation - Equipment					No. 158
Date	Explanation	Ref.	Debit	Credit	Balance
Jan. 1	Balance	â			$ 1,500

Notes Payable					No. 200
Date	Explanation	Ref.	Debit	Credit	Balance

Accounts Payable					No. 201
Date	Explanation	Ref.	Debit	Credit	Balance
Jan. 1	Balance	â			$ 35,000




Interest Payable
Date	Explanation	Ref.	Debit	Credit	Balance

J. Sandy, Capital					No. 301
Date	Explanation	Ref.	Debit	Credit	Balance
Jan. 1	Balance	â			$ 80,300


J. Sandy, Drawing					No. 306
Date	Explanation	Ref.	Debit	Credit	Balance

Income Summary					No. 350
Date	Explanation	Ref.	Debit	Credit	Balance



Sales					No. 401
Date	Explanation	Ref.	Debit	Credit	Balance



Sales Returns and Allowances					No. 412
Date	Explanation	Ref.	Debit	Credit	Balance


Sales Discounts					No. 414
Date	Explanation	Ref.	Debit	Credit	Balance


Cost of Goods Sold					No. 505
Date	Explanation	Ref.	Debit	Credit	Balance




Salaries and Wages Expense					No. 627
Date	Explanation	Ref.	Debit	Credit	Balance


Depreciation Expense					No. 711
Date	Explanation	Ref.	Debit	Credit	Balance

Interest Expense					No. 718
Date	Explanation	Ref.	Debit	Credit	Balance


Insurance Expense					No. 722
Date	Explanation	Ref.	Debit	Credit	Balance


Office Supplies Expense					No. 728
Date	Explanation	Ref.	Debit	Credit	Balance


Rent Expense					No. 729
Date	Explanation	Ref.	Debit	Credit	Balance

peachgerbil35

(a) Record the January transactions in a two-column general journal below.

	General Journal			G1


Date	Account Titles	Ref	Debit	Credit



















	Adjusting Entries

Check figures:

Cash Receipts Journal, total Cash DR: $ 70,348

Cash Payments Journal, total Cash CR: 62,060

Net Income: 25,218 Total Assets: 149,568

Total Post Closing Trial Balance: 151,193

Jan.3 Sell merchandise on account to M. Knast $5,100, invoice no. 825, and to C. Ryder $1,900, invoice no. 826.

5 Purchase merchandise from R. Drifter $5,000 and N. Sova $2,200, terms n/30.

7 Receive checks from V. Arnold $4,000 and I. Tan $2,000 after discount period has lapsed.

8 Pay freight on merchandise purchased $235.

9 Send checks to K. Xerxes for $9,000 less 2% cash discount, and to T. Caper for $11,000 less 1% cash discount.

9 Issue credit of $300 to C. Ryder for merchandise returned.

10 Summary daily cash sales total $15,500.

11 Sell merchandise on account to D. Gallagher $1,600, invoice no. 827, and to V. Arnold $900, invoice no. 828.

12 Pay rent of $1,000 for January.

13 Receive payment in full from M. Knast and C. Ryder less cash discounts.

15 Withdrawal of $800 cash by J. Sandy for personal use.

15 Post all entries to the subsidiary ledgers.

16 Purchase merchandise from T. Caper $18,000, terms 1/10, n/30; K. Xerxes $14,200, terms 2/10, n/30; and R. Drifter $1,500, terms n/30.

17 Pay $400 cash for office supplies.

18 Return $200 of merchandise to K. Xerxes and receive credit.

20 Summary daily cash sales total $20,100.

21 Issue $15,000 note, maturing in 90 days, to M. Griffen in payment of balance due.

21 Receive payment in full from V. Arnold less cash discount.

22 Sell merchandise on account to M. Knast $2,700, invoice no. 829, and to D. Gallagher $1,300, invoice no. 830.

22 Post all entries to the subsidiary ledgers.

23 Send checks to T. Caper and K. Xerxes in full payment less cash discounts.

25 Sell merchandise on account to I. Tan $3,500, invoice no. 831, and to C. Ryder $6,100, invoice no. 832.

27 Purchase merchandise from T. Caper $14,500, terms 1/10, n/30; N. Sova $1,200, terms n/30; and R. Drifter $5,400, terms n/30.

27 Post all entries to the subsidiary ledgers.

28 Pay $275 cash for office supplies.

31 Summary daily cash sales total $21,300.

31 Pay salaries and wages of $8,100. (continued)

Page 2 of 2

Instructions

(a) Record the January transactions in a sales journal, a single-column purchases journal, a cash receipts journal, a cash payments journal, and a two-column general journal.

(b) Post the journals to the general ledger.

(c) Prepare a trial balance at January 31, 2017, in the trial balance columns of the worksheet. Complete the worksheet using the following additional information.

1. Office supplies at January 31 total $900.

2. Insurance coverage expires on September 30, 2017.

3. Annual depreciation on the equipment is $1,500.

4. Interest of $50 has accrued on the note payable.

(d) Prepare a multiple-step income statement and an owner's equity statement for January and a classified balance sheet at the end of January.

(e) Prepare and post adjusting and closing entries.

(f) Prepare a post-closing trial balance, and determine whether the subsidiary ledgers agree with the control accounts in the general ledger.

General Ledger
Cash					No. 101
Date	Explanation	Ref.	Debit	Credit	Balance
Jan. 1	Balance	â			$ 37,150


Accounts Receivable					No. 112
Date	Explanation	Ref.	Debit	Credit	Balance
Jan. 1	Balance	â			$ 13,000



Notes Receivable					No. 115
Date	Explanation	Ref.	Debit	Credit	Balance
Jan. 1	Balance	â			$ 39,000
Inventory					No. 120
Date	Explanation	Ref.	Debit	Credit	Balance
Jan. 1	Balance	â			$ 17,795







Office Supplies					No. 125
Date	Explanation	Ref.	Debit	Credit	Balance
Jan. 1	Balance	â			$ 1,200


Prepaid Insurance					No. 130
Date	Explanation	Ref.	Debit	Credit	Balance
Jan. 1	Balance	â			$ 2,205

Equipment					No. 157
Date	Explanation	Ref.	Debit	Credit	Balance
Jan. 1	Balance	â			$ 6,450
Accumulated Depreciation - Equipment					No. 158
Date	Explanation	Ref.	Debit	Credit	Balance
Jan. 1	Balance	â			$ 1,500

Notes Payable					No. 200
Date	Explanation	Ref.	Debit	Credit	Balance

Accounts Payable					No. 201
Date	Explanation	Ref.	Debit	Credit	Balance
Jan. 1	Balance	â			$ 35,000




Interest Payable
Date	Explanation	Ref.	Debit	Credit	Balance

J. Sandy, Capital					No. 301
Date	Explanation	Ref.	Debit	Credit	Balance
Jan. 1	Balance	â			$ 80,300


J. Sandy, Drawing					No. 306
Date	Explanation	Ref.	Debit	Credit	Balance

Income Summary					No. 350
Date	Explanation	Ref.	Debit	Credit	Balance



Sales					No. 401
Date	Explanation	Ref.	Debit	Credit	Balance



Sales Returns and Allowances					No. 412
Date	Explanation	Ref.	Debit	Credit	Balance


Sales Discounts					No. 414
Date	Explanation	Ref.	Debit	Credit	Balance


Cost of Goods Sold					No. 505
Date	Explanation	Ref.	Debit	Credit	Balance




Salaries and Wages Expense					No. 627
Date	Explanation	Ref.	Debit	Credit	Balance


Depreciation Expense					No. 711
Date	Explanation	Ref.	Debit	Credit	Balance

Interest Expense					No. 718
Date	Explanation	Ref.	Debit	Credit	Balance


Insurance Expense					No. 722
Date	Explanation	Ref.	Debit	Credit	Balance


Office Supplies Expense					No. 728
Date	Explanation	Ref.	Debit	Credit	Balance


Rent Expense					No. 729
Date	Explanation	Ref.	Debit	Credit	Balance

burgundypanda330

All:

Everyone today has to be concerned about being able to retire comfortably when they keep telling us that Social Security will be bankrupt in 2037, a mere 22 years from now, and that it is an entitlement, not something that we and our employers all paid into since we got our first job.

A retirement planner is attached to this message so you can estimate how much money you will need to save to be able to do the things most retirees want to do when they are no longer working.

Then provide your calculations to the class and make a statement as to what you think and if you can achieve it?

For Week 3, please turn in the answers to the following questions:

1. Define the following terms as they apply to bonds:

a. Face value

b. Maturity date

c. Coupon interest (including coupon interest rate)

d. Current yield

e. Yield to maturity (YTM)

f. Yield to call (YTC)

g. Call premium

2. What are âZero-couponâ bonds?

3. Suppose you see the following bond price quote in the newspaper:

McDonalds 5.7% 2039â¦â¦..122.733

What can you tell about this bond from reading the price quote?

4. (calculating the present value of a bond) If a corporate bond with a face value of $1,000 has 24 years to go until it matures, has a coupon interest rate of 5.7% and a yield to maturity (YTM) of 4.201%, what should be its price in the bond market (ie, PV)?

5. (calculating the current yield of a bond) If a corporate bond with a face value of $1,000 has 24 years to go until it matures, has a coupon interest rate of 5.7% and a market price of $1,223.92, what is its current yield?

6. (calculating the YTM of a bond) If a corporate bond with a face value of $1,000 has 24 years to go until it matures, has a coupon interest rate of 5.7% and a market price of $1,223.92, what is its yield to maturity (YTM)?

7. (calculating the YTC of a bond) Assume a callable corporate bond with a face value of $1,000, a coupon interest rate of 5.7%, a market price of $1,223.92, and a call premium of 6%. Assume also that the bond has 24 years to go until it matures, but it is callable after 14 years. What is the bondâs yield to call (YTC)?

8. (calculating the present value of a bond with semi-annual coupon interest payments) If a corporate bond with a face value of $1,000 has 24 years to go until it matures, has a coupon interest rate of 5.7%, paid semiannually, and has a yield to maturity (YTM) of 4.2%, what should be its price in the bond market (ie, PV)?

9. (calculating the YTM of a bond with semiannual interest payments) If a corporate bond with a face value of $1,000 has 24 years to go until it matures, has a coupon interest rate of 5.7%, paid semiannually, and has a market price of $1,223.92, what is its yield to maturity (YTM)?

10. Define the following terms as they apply to interest rates:

a. The real risk-free rate (r*)

b. The nominal risk-free rate (Rrf)

c. The inflation premium (IP)

d. The default risk premium (DRP)

e. The liquidity premium (LP)

f. The maturity risk premium (MRP)

11. Assume the real risk-free rate is 1%. Assume also that inflation is expected to be 1% in the coming year (year 1), 2% in the next year after that (year 2), and 3% in the year after that (year 3). Assume also that the default risk premium, the liquidity premium, and the maturity risk premium are 0%. Given these conditions, what would be the yield on three-year treasury bonds today?

12. Suppose the First Bank of St Louis was offering the following rates on certificates of deposit (CDs) this week:

Maturity Rate

3 month 1.50%

6 month 1.75%

1 year 2.00%

2 year 2.25%

3 year 2.50%

5 year 2.75%

10 year 3.00%

20 year 3.15%

a. Plot the above data on a yield curve. Label the graph and the axes appropriately.

b. Comment on the implications of this curve to you, as a potential investor in CDs.

End of assignment questions

(see answers to numerical problems on the next page)

Answers to numerical problems:

Question 4: $1,223.92

Question 5: 4.66%

Question 6: 4.2%

Question 7: 3.92%

Question 8: $1,225.44

Question 9: 4.21%

Question 11: 3.0%

AFM373 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Opportunity Cost, Profit Maximization, Net Present Value

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