GEOG 130 Lecture Notes - Lecture 12: Innocent Passage, United Nations Convention On The Law Of The Sea, Continental Shelf
Exploration & Colonialism
Imperialism: the process by which one powerful state or territory
seeks to control another, weaker territory (or population)
o
The creation of Empires -- Empires
Process doesn’t adhere to the nation-state model – empires
are additions to, not replacements for, the nation-state
§
Empires are multinational by definition
§
o
Colonialism
Led by European States
Earliest colonial powers: Spain, Portugal
•
Followed by other Western European States (e.g.,
Britain, France, Netherlands, Italy, Belgium…)
•
Other colonial powers include the United States, Russia,
and Japan
•
Colonialism begun around 1500
Typically the result of exploration
o
Maximum extent in the late 19th century
o
Most colonies dissolved during the 20th century
o
•
§
The exploring country
The possessor of power
•
Determined the economic, social, and political activity,
according to their needs
•
§
Aboriginal Populations
Relocated or eliminated when they presented a threat
•
§
Took the form of territorial conquest
Competition for colonies among exploring countries
(15th –20th century
E.g., the Americas, Asia, Africa
o
•
§
Motivations for colonialism
A result of internal social and political complexity,
turmoil and competition in Europe – Feudal system;
economic competition; demands resulting from
economic growth; the ambitions of individual officials,
business interests
•
Economic motivations – colonies provided natural
resources for domestic industries and new markets for
industrial products
•
Strategic value of Annexed Territory
•
National Prestige**
•
Allowed for dispersal of population
People could leave crowded areas of Britain to live
in the colonies (Canada, Australia, South Africa)
o
A “safety valve,” a place to send the adventurous,
the rebellious, free thinker, etc.
o
•
§
o
Exploration – most empires began as a result of exploratory activity
o
Decolonization
Colonialism began to end following WWII
Japan and Italy removed as colonial powers following
their military defeats
•
Independence movements in the colonies grew in the
1950s
•
Most parts of the British Empire achieved independence
around this time
•
Unsuccessful attempts by France (French Indochina-Viet
Nam), the Netherlands, and Portugal to retain colonies
•
§
The world had about 70 countries in 1938
§
The world had more than 190 countries in 2006
Most of these new countries are the result of former
colonies gaining independence from the colonial power
•
§
The process of decolonization
Ease of process is partly dependent upon the colonial
powers response to independence movements in the
colonies
Transition smooth in most of the former British
colonies – many are now members of the
commonwealth
o
•
Transition to independence can be violent
Independence after long civil wars in Algeria
(France), Mozambique (Portugal), and the Congo
Region (Belgium)
o
•
§
National Identity in the Colonies
The idea of “national identity” originated in Europe
•
Idea was welcomed in the colonies
Colonies aspired to independence
o
Psychological suffering due to foreign rule
o
•
§
o
Who has Territorial jurisdiction over the arctic?
Key term:
Jurisdiction
The right and power to interpret and apply the law
§
The area within which power can be exercised
§
o
Territorial jurisdiction
Refers a state’s ability to set and enforce its domestic law
governing conduct in its territory
§
o
Issues in claiming the Artic
The artic is a maritime (sea or ocean) area
Ocean surrounded by land
•
The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
(guiding principles of sovereignty and control over the
sea)
Defines the legal Regime of the Oceans
o
“UNCLOS” 1982 – entry into force 1994
the territorial Sea
sea waters adjacent to the land
◊
extension of territorial sovereignty for
12 nm – sovereignty over the sea, living
and non-living resources, the seabed
and its suboil, airspace
◊
exception: “innocent passage”
◊
§
The contiguous zone
12 nm beyond TS
◊
state may exercise control necessary to
prevent infringement, or punish
infringement, of laws within its territory
or TS
◊
§
The exclusive economic zone
State has sovereign rights in the 200 nm
EEZ with respect to living and non-living
natural resources – sovereign rights to
the seabed and its subsoil
◊
State exercises jurisdiction over marine
scientific research, the construction of
artificial islands and other installations,
and environmental protection
◊
§
The Continental Shelf
Defined as the national area of the
seabed, including the subsoil
◊
State has sovereign rights for
exploration and exploitation
◊
200 nautical miles – can be ore under
certain circumstances** (e.g., offshore
oil wells: Newfoundland)
◊
§
The High Seas
All states have the freedom of
navigation, overflight, scientific
research, fishing, to lay submarine
cables or pipelines, and to construct
artificial islands or other installations
◊
All states are obliged to
adopt/cooperate with other States in
adopting measures to manage and
conserve living resources
◊
§
The international Seabed Authority
A body set up to regulate minin of the
seabed in the High Seas (area beyond
national jurisdiction – the Common
Heritage of Mankind)
◊
Focused on the extraction of fossil fuels,
and metals from the ocean floor
◊
Includes a revenue sharing formula for
the redistribution of wealth attained
from mineral extraction from the high
seas
◊
§
o
•
§
Climate change
Reduction of Artic Ice
•
The annual rate of sea ice shrinking in the Arctic is about
8% -- there might be no Artic sea left by 2060
•
Opening of the northwest passage
•
Opening of the northern sea route
•
Increase access to oil and gas resources
•
Increase access to mineral resources
•
§
Claim to the Artic
Jurisdiction over land is not debated
•
Points of debate
Limits of the continental shelves of artic states
o
Jurisdiction of “archipelagic” water (Canada)
o
Jurisdiction over the Northwest Passage (Canada)
o
•
Key goal:
To increase the delimitation of the continental
shelf beyond 200 nm under the United Nations
Convention on the Law of the Sea
o
•
How is territorial jurisdiction determined?
Which State possesses title?
Cession, Conquest, Occupation, Prescription,
Accretion
§
Focus on which claim of title is superior
§
o
Which State has actually displayed sovereignty?
Not sufficient to claim that title has been
established
§
Must show the territorial sovereignty has
continued to exist, and existed at the time of
the decision
§
Therefore, need evidence of the actual
display of sovereignty at the time of the
decision – continued and peaceful display of
territorial sovereignty
§
o
•
How does a state display sovereignty?
Activities of the State in that Territory
Evidence of continued and peaceful, open
and public, State authority in the territory
§
o
State presence in the Arctic
Military bases
§
Increases military activity (training, ships,
submarines, overflight)
§
Flag-planting
§
Scientific research stations
§
Geological studies related to size of the
continental shelf
§
o
•
§
o
Thursday, October 20, 2016
Political Geography (week 7/ page 33-72)
Exploration & Colonialism
Imperialism: the process by which one powerful state or territory
seeks to control another, weaker territory (or population)
o
The creation of Empires -- Empires
Process doesn’t adhere to the nation-state model – empires
are additions to, not replacements for, the nation-state
§
Empires are multinational by definition
§
o
Colonialism
Led by European States
Earliest colonial powers: Spain, Portugal
•
Followed by other Western European States (e.g.,
Britain, France, Netherlands, Italy, Belgium…)
•
Other colonial powers include the United States, Russia,
and Japan
•
Colonialism begun around 1500
Typically the result of exploration
o
Maximum extent in the late 19th century
o
Most colonies dissolved during the 20th century
o
•
§
The exploring country
The possessor of power
•
Determined the economic, social, and political activity,
according to their needs
•
§
Aboriginal Populations
Relocated or eliminated when they presented a threat
•
§
Took the form of territorial conquest
Competition for colonies among exploring countries
(15th –20th century
E.g., the Americas, Asia, Africa
o
•
§
Motivations for colonialism
A result of internal social and political complexity,
turmoil and competition in Europe – Feudal system;
economic competition; demands resulting from
economic growth; the ambitions of individual officials,
business interests
•
Economic motivations – colonies provided natural
resources for domestic industries and new markets for
industrial products
•
Strategic value of Annexed Territory
•
National Prestige**
•
Allowed for dispersal of population
People could leave crowded areas of Britain to live
in the colonies (Canada, Australia, South Africa)
o
A “safety valve,” a place to send the adventurous,
the rebellious, free thinker, etc.
o
•
§
o
Exploration – most empires began as a result of exploratory activity
o
Decolonization
Colonialism began to end following WWII
Japan and Italy removed as colonial powers following
their military defeats
•
Independence movements in the colonies grew in the
1950s
•
Most parts of the British Empire achieved independence
around this time
•
Unsuccessful attempts by France (French Indochina-Viet
Nam), the Netherlands, and Portugal to retain colonies
•
§
The world had about 70 countries in 1938
§
The world had more than 190 countries in 2006
Most of these new countries are the result of former
colonies gaining independence from the colonial power
•
§
The process of decolonization
Ease of process is partly dependent upon the colonial
powers response to independence movements in the
colonies
Transition smooth in most of the former British
colonies – many are now members of the
commonwealth
o
•
Transition to independence can be violent
Independence after long civil wars in Algeria
(France), Mozambique (Portugal), and the Congo
Region (Belgium)
o
•
§
National Identity in the Colonies
The idea of “national identity” originated in Europe
•
Idea was welcomed in the colonies
Colonies aspired to independence
o
Psychological suffering due to foreign rule
o
•
§
o
Who has Territorial jurisdiction over the arctic?
Key term:
Jurisdiction
The right and power to interpret and apply the law
§
The area within which power can be exercised
§
o
Territorial jurisdiction
Refers a state’s ability to set and enforce its domestic law
governing conduct in its territory
§
o
Issues in claiming the Artic
The artic is a maritime (sea or ocean) area
Ocean surrounded by land
•
The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
(guiding principles of sovereignty and control over the
sea)
Defines the legal Regime of the Oceans
o
“UNCLOS” 1982 – entry into force 1994
the territorial Sea
sea waters adjacent to the land
◊
extension of territorial sovereignty for
12 nm – sovereignty over the sea, living
and non-living resources, the seabed
and its suboil, airspace
◊
exception: “innocent passage”
◊
§
The contiguous zone
12 nm beyond TS
◊
state may exercise control necessary to
prevent infringement, or punish
infringement, of laws within its territory
or TS
◊
§
The exclusive economic zone
State has sovereign rights in the 200 nm
EEZ with respect to living and non-living
natural resources – sovereign rights to
the seabed and its subsoil
◊
State exercises jurisdiction over marine
scientific research, the construction of
artificial islands and other installations,
and environmental protection
◊
§
The Continental Shelf
Defined as the national area of the
seabed, including the subsoil
◊
State has sovereign rights for
exploration and exploitation
◊
200 nautical miles – can be ore under
certain circumstances** (e.g., offshore
oil wells: Newfoundland)
◊
§
The High Seas
All states have the freedom of
navigation, overflight, scientific
research, fishing, to lay submarine
cables or pipelines, and to construct
artificial islands or other installations
◊
All states are obliged to
adopt/cooperate with other States in
adopting measures to manage and
conserve living resources
◊
§
The international Seabed Authority
A body set up to regulate minin of the
seabed in the High Seas (area beyond
national jurisdiction – the Common
Heritage of Mankind)
◊
Focused on the extraction of fossil fuels,
and metals from the ocean floor
◊
Includes a revenue sharing formula for
the redistribution of wealth attained
from mineral extraction from the high
seas
◊
§
o
•
§
Climate change
Reduction of Artic Ice
•
The annual rate of sea ice shrinking in the Arctic is about
8% -- there might be no Artic sea left by 2060
•
Opening of the northwest passage
•
Opening of the northern sea route
•
Increase access to oil and gas resources
•
Increase access to mineral resources
•
§
Claim to the Artic
Jurisdiction over land is not debated
•
Points of debate
Limits of the continental shelves of artic states
o
Jurisdiction of “archipelagic” water (Canada)
o
Jurisdiction over the Northwest Passage (Canada)
o
•
Key goal:
To increase the delimitation of the continental
shelf beyond 200 nm under the United Nations
Convention on the Law of the Sea
o
•
How is territorial jurisdiction determined?
Which State possesses title?
Cession, Conquest, Occupation, Prescription,
Accretion
§
Focus on which claim of title is superior
§
o
Which State has actually displayed sovereignty?
Not sufficient to claim that title has been
established
§
Must show the territorial sovereignty has
continued to exist, and existed at the time of
the decision
§
Therefore, need evidence of the actual
display of sovereignty at the time of the
decision – continued and peaceful display of
territorial sovereignty
§
o
•
How does a state display sovereignty?
Activities of the State in that Territory
Evidence of continued and peaceful, open
and public, State authority in the territory
§
o
State presence in the Arctic
Military bases
§
Increases military activity (training, ships,
submarines, overflight)
§
Flag-planting
§
Scientific research stations
§
Geological studies related to size of the
continental shelf
§
o
•
§
o
Thursday, October 20, 2016
Political Geography (week 7/ page 33-72)
Document Summary
Imperialism: the process by which one powerful state or territory seeks to control another, weaker territory (or population) Process doesn"t adhere to the nation-state model empires are additions to, not replacements for, the nation-state. Other colonial powers include the united states, russia, and japan. Determined the economic, social, and political activity, according to their needs. Relocated or eliminated when they presented a threat. Competition for colonies among exploring countries (15th 20th century o. A result of internal social and political complexity, turmoil and competition in europe feudal system; turmoil and competition in europe feudal system; economic competition; demands resulting from economic growth; the ambitions of individual officials, business interests. Economic motivations colonies provided natural resources for domestic industries and new markets for industrial products. People could leave crowded areas of britain to live in the colonies (canada, australia, south africa) A safety valve, a place to send the adventurous, the rebellious, free thinker, etc. o o.
