ANTH 111 Lecture 21: Week 12, Lecture 20
Globalization: Is the World Really Getting Smaller?
Cultures interact with each other and change each other through contact
Trade networks, international development projects, telecommunications,
education, migration, and tourism
○
-
Globalization is the process of intense global interconnectedness and movement
of goods, information, and people
-
World Systems Theory
Capitalism has expanded on the basis of unequal exchange
Dividing the world between a dominant "core" and a dependent
"periphery"
○
-
Core nations develop their economies at the expense of periphery nations
Labour, raw materials
○
Poverty, underdevelopment, dependency
○
-
How has this world system affected the Native Peoples and cultural systems of
the periphery?
-
Resistance
-
Globalization
Globalization does not spread evenly and its interactions with, and effects on,
local cultures vary substantially from positive change to cultural destruction and
extinction
-
Four models of cultural interaction
Clash of Civilizations
Conflict Model
○
Disenchantment, alienation, and resentment amongst other cultural
systems
○
1)
McDonaldization Model
Takeover and homogenization model
○
Under powerful cultural influences, world is becoming culturally
homogenous - cultural convergence - world culture
○
"Fast-Food Culture"
○
2)
Hybridization
Blending model
○
Also called syncretism and creolization
○
Aspects of two or more cultures combine to form something new
○
3)
Localization
Local cultural remaking and transformation of global culture
○
Transformation of local micro-cultures into something new
○
4)
-
The Corporate Role in Globalization
Globalization between governments and multinational corporations
-
Transnational corporations in text
-
Multinational Corporations (MNCs) play a defining role in the spread, effects,
and impacts of globalization
Walmart
○
-
Able to demonstrate structural power
Power that systematically influences political and economic decision
making and thus shapes value, ideologies and economies (and culture)
○
-
MNCs can use structural power to:
Negotiate with any supplier that is willing to meet the company's strict
demands for quickly made, low cost products - quickly made, low cost
products
○
Make agreements with governments that have the lowest environmental
and labour regulations - lowest environmental and labour regulations
○
-
"Hard Power" - type of coercive power supported by economic and/or military
force
-
"Soft Power" - used by marketing and public relations departments - ability to
attract and persuade people to change their ideas, beliefs, values and behaviours
-
Humans on the Move
Key feature in the changing scale of globalization is the mobility of people
-
Migrants: people who leave their homes to work for a time in other regions or
countries
-
Immigrants: people who leave their countries with no expectation of ever
returning
-
Refugees: people who migrate b/c of political oppression or war, usually with
legal permission to stay in a different country
-
Exiles: people who are expelled by the authorities of their home countries
-
Migration
The movement of a person or people from one place to another
-
Causes are linked to major aspects of life
-
Often has profound effects on a person's economic and social status, health,
language, religious identity and education (for better or worse)
-
Categories of Migration
Spatial boundaries they cross
○
3 categories of population movement based on the spatial boundaries
they cross
Internal migration
Movement within a country boundary
▪
Most dominant form of internal population movement in most
countries in the 20th century was …
Rural to urban migration
w
▪
Availability of work
▪
Push - pull theory of labour migration
▪
w
International migration
Movement across country boundaries
▪
100 million or 2% of worlds population live outside their home
country
▪
Driving forces behind the trend are economic and political
changes that affect labour demands and human welfare
▪
Major destinations - U.S., Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and
Argentina
▪
w
Transnational migration
Movement in which a person regularly moves back and forth
between two or more countries
▪
May form a new cultural identity
▪
Related to creation of states
▪
Motivated by economic factors
▪
High and low
▪
Spread of the global corporate economy
'Astronauts' - business men, investment bankers,
corporate executives
w
▪
Transnational migrant workers - depend on the demand for
their labour
▪
"Transnational Countries"
Grant continuing citizenship to emigrants
w
Way of belonging
w
Remittance
w
▪
w
○
-
Categories Based on Reasons for Moving
Migrants are also categorized in the basis of the reason for relocation
Labour Migrants
People migrating for work
w
Do not intend to establish permanent residence
w
Asian women are the fastest growing category
w
Circular Migration
Type of labour migration where there is a regular pattern of
population movement between two or more places
○
May occur within or between countries
○
Migrant farm workers
○
Domestic workers in Latin America
○
w
○
Displaced Person
People who are evicted from their homes, communities, or countries
and forced to move elsewhere
w
Colonialism, slavery, and large scale mining and dam building
w
2 major kinds
International displace
Refugees (internationally displaced persons)
Internationally displaced people
◊
Forced to relocate
◊
Victims or potential victims of persecution based
in their race, religion, nationality, ethnicity, gender
and/or political views
◊
16 million or 1 out of 500
◊
According to UNHCR (United Nations High
Commissioner for Refugees) estimated 8.7 million
Syrians have fled their homes since 2011 with 4.8
million of those fleeing the country
◊
w
○
Internally displace
Those forced to leave their homes and
communities but who remain in their country
◊
Africa is the continent with the most IDPs,
especially Sudan
◊
Iraq, Syria
◊
Eastern Ukraine
◊
Live for extended periods in camps
◊
Do not come under the jurisdiction of the UN
◊
Political violence
◊
Other factors include natural disasters, large scale
development
◊
'Development Induced Displacement'
Mega-dams - affect massive areas of land
and huge numbers of people
}
Three Gorges Dam, spanning the Yangtze
River, China
Displacement of 1.3 million people
–
}
◊
Substantial research on refugee populations,
especially those affected by war and other forms
of violence and terror
◊
Key factors that ease or increase relocation
stresses
Extent that new location resembles old
Climate, language, food
–
More difference = more stress
–
}
Ability to obtain work
}
Presence of family
}
Level of welcome or hostility in new home
}
◊
○
w
○
Institutional Migrants
People who move into a social institution
w
Voluntary or involuntary
w
Examples include
Monks
▪
Nuns
▪
Students
▪
Military
▪
w
○
-
Canada
34 ethnic groups with at least 100,000 members
-
Over 16% of the population is visible minorities
-
"New immigrant" - moved since the 1960s
-
Include refugees
-
3 trends characterize the new international migration
Globalization
○
Acceleration
○
Feminization
○
-
Chain migration
-
Family reunification
-
Migration Policies: Inclusion and Exclusion
Who is welcome (included), how many, and how they are treated is largely
dictated by political and economic interests
-
Cost-benefit analysis including cheap labour
-
Exclusion and local resentment
-
Lifeboat mentality
A view that seeks to limit enlarging a particular group b/c of perceived
constraints on resources
○
Do you see this in the world around you? U.S.?
○
As economic problems persist, so does the lifeboat mentality
○
-
Migration and Human Rights
Is migration forced or voluntary
-
Forced migration - a violation of human rights?
-
Do members of a displaced group have the right of return?
A refugee's entitlement to return to and live in his or her homeland
○
Is a basic human right in the West
○
Palestinians
○
Internal displacement and loss of rights
New Orleans
w
Differential resettlement
w
○
-
People on
the Move…
Week 12, Lecture 20
Tuesday, March 28, 2017
2:16 PM
Globalization: Is the World Really Getting Smaller?
Cultures interact with each other and change each other through contact
Trade networks, international development projects, telecommunications,
education, migration, and tourism
○
-
Globalization is the process of intense global interconnectedness and movement
of goods, information, and people
-
World Systems Theory
Capitalism has expanded on the basis of unequal exchange
Dividing the world between a dominant "core" and a dependent
"periphery"
○
-
Core nations develop their economies at the expense of periphery nations
Labour, raw materials
○
Poverty, underdevelopment, dependency
○
-
How has this world system affected the Native Peoples and cultural systems of
the periphery?
-
Resistance
-
Globalization
Globalization does not spread evenly and its interactions with, and effects on,
local cultures vary substantially from positive change to cultural destruction and
extinction
-
Four models of cultural interaction
Clash of Civilizations
Conflict Model
○
Disenchantment, alienation, and resentment amongst other cultural
systems
○
1)
McDonaldization Model
Takeover and homogenization model
○
Under powerful cultural influences, world is becoming culturally
homogenous - cultural convergence - world culture
○
"Fast-Food Culture"
○
2)
Hybridization
Blending model
○
Also called syncretism and creolization
○
Aspects of two or more cultures combine to form something new
○
3)
Localization
Local cultural remaking and transformation of global culture
○
Transformation of local micro-cultures into something new
○
4)
-
The Corporate Role in Globalization
Globalization between governments and multinational corporations
-
Transnational corporations in text
-
Multinational Corporations (MNCs) play a defining role in the spread, effects,
and impacts of globalization
Walmart
○
-
Able to demonstrate structural power
Power that systematically influences political and economic decision
making and thus shapes value, ideologies and economies (and culture)
○
-
MNCs can use structural power to:
Negotiate with any supplier that is willing to meet the company's strict
demands for quickly made, low cost products - quickly made, low cost
products
○
Make agreements with governments that have the lowest environmental
and labour regulations - lowest environmental and labour regulations
○
-
"Hard Power" - type of coercive power supported by economic and/or military
force
-
"Soft Power" - used by marketing and public relations departments - ability to
attract and persuade people to change their ideas, beliefs, values and behaviours
-
Humans on the Move
Key feature in the changing scale of globalization is the mobility of people
-
Migrants: people who leave their homes to work for a time in other regions or
countries
-
Immigrants: people who leave their countries with no expectation of ever
returning
-
Refugees: people who migrate b/c of political oppression or war, usually with
legal permission to stay in a different country
-
Exiles: people who are expelled by the authorities of their home countries
-
Migration
The movement of a person or people from one place to another
-
Causes are linked to major aspects of life
-
Often has profound effects on a person's economic and social status, health,
language, religious identity and education (for better or worse)
-
Categories of Migration
Spatial boundaries they cross
○
3 categories of population movement based on the spatial boundaries
they cross
Internal migration
Movement within a country boundary
▪
Most dominant form of internal population movement in most
countries in the 20th century was …
Rural to urban migration
w
▪
Availability of work
▪
Push - pull theory of labour migration
▪
w
International migration
Movement across country boundaries
▪
100 million or 2% of worlds population live outside their home
country
▪
Driving forces behind the trend are economic and political
changes that affect labour demands and human welfare
▪
Major destinations - U.S., Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and
Argentina
▪
w
Transnational migration
Movement in which a person regularly moves back and forth
between two or more countries
▪
May form a new cultural identity
▪
Related to creation of states
▪
Motivated by economic factors
▪
High and low
▪
Spread of the global corporate economy
'Astronauts' - business men, investment bankers,
corporate executives
w
▪
Transnational migrant workers - depend on the demand for
their labour
▪
"Transnational Countries"
Grant continuing citizenship to emigrants
w
Way of belonging
w
Remittance
w
▪
w
○
-
Categories Based on Reasons for Moving
Migrants are also categorized in the basis of the reason for relocation
Labour Migrants
People migrating for work
w
Do not intend to establish permanent residence
w
Asian women are the fastest growing category
w
Circular Migration
Type of labour migration where there is a regular pattern of
population movement between two or more places
○
May occur within or between countries
○
Migrant farm workers
○
Domestic workers in Latin America
○
w
○
Displaced Person
People who are evicted from their homes, communities, or countries
and forced to move elsewhere
w
Colonialism, slavery, and large scale mining and dam building
w
2 major kinds
International displace
Refugees (internationally displaced persons)
Internationally displaced people
◊
Forced to relocate
◊
Victims or potential victims of persecution based
in their race, religion, nationality, ethnicity, gender
and/or political views
◊
16 million or 1 out of 500
◊
According to UNHCR (United Nations High
Commissioner for Refugees) estimated 8.7 million
Syrians have fled their homes since 2011 with 4.8
million of those fleeing the country
◊
w
○
Internally displace
Those forced to leave their homes and
communities but who remain in their country
◊
Africa is the continent with the most IDPs,
especially Sudan
◊
Iraq, Syria
◊
Eastern Ukraine
◊
Live for extended periods in camps
◊
Do not come under the jurisdiction of the UN
◊
Political violence
◊
Other factors include natural disasters, large scale
development
◊
'Development Induced Displacement'
Mega-dams - affect massive areas of land
and huge numbers of people
}
Three Gorges Dam, spanning the Yangtze
River, China
Displacement of 1.3 million people
–
}
◊
Substantial research on refugee populations,
especially those affected by war and other forms
of violence and terror
◊
Key factors that ease or increase relocation
stresses
Extent that new location resembles old
Climate, language, food
–
More difference = more stress
–
}
Ability to obtain work
}
Presence of family
}
Level of welcome or hostility in new home
}
◊
○
w
○
Institutional Migrants
People who move into a social institution
w
Voluntary or involuntary
w
Examples include
Monks
▪
Nuns
▪
Students
▪
Military
▪
w
○
-
Canada
34 ethnic groups with at least 100,000 members
-
Over 16% of the population is visible minorities
-
"New immigrant" - moved since the 1960s
-
Include refugees
-
3 trends characterize the new international migration
Globalization
○
Acceleration
○
Feminization
○
-
Chain migration
-
Family reunification
-
Migration Policies: Inclusion and Exclusion
Who is welcome (included), how many, and how they are treated is largely
dictated by political and economic interests
-
Cost-benefit analysis including cheap labour
-
Exclusion and local resentment
-
Lifeboat mentality
A view that seeks to limit enlarging a particular group b/c of perceived
constraints on resources
○
Do you see this in the world around you? U.S.?
○
As economic problems persist, so does the lifeboat mentality
○
-
Migration and Human Rights
Is migration forced or voluntary
-
Forced migration - a violation of human rights?
-
Do members of a displaced group have the right of return?
A refugee's entitlement to return to and live in his or her homeland
○
Is a basic human right in the West
○
Palestinians
○
Internal displacement and loss of rights
New Orleans
w
Differential resettlement
w
○
-
People on
the Move…
Week 12, Lecture 20
Tuesday, March 28, 2017 2:16 PM
Document Summary
Cultures interact with each other and change each other through contact. Trade networks, international development projects, telecommunications, education, migration, and tourism. Globalization is the process of intense global interconnectedness and movement of goods, information, and people. Capitalism has expanded on the basis of unequal exchange. Dividing the world between a dominant core and a dependent. Core nations develop their economies at the expense of periphery nations. Globalization does not spread evenly and its interactions with, and effects on, local cultures vary substantially from positive change to cultural destruction and extinction. Disenchantment, alienation, and resentment amongst other cultural systems. Under powerful cultural influences, world is becoming culturally homogenous - cultural convergence - world culture. Aspects of two or more cultures combine to form something new. Local cultural remaking and transformation of global culture. Multinational corporations (mncs) play a defining role in the spread, effects, and impacts of globalization.
