FMLY 2800 Lecture Notes - Lecture 6: Truancy, Plethysmograph, Attachment Theory
26 Jun 2018
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Lecture 5 (continue)
Effect of Physical Child Abuse
I. Immediate Effects
A. Medical Problems
See Wallace and Roberson textbook for discussion on medical signs and effects
of PCA (medical science)
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/child-abuse/symptoms-
causes/syc-20370864
(YouTube: 16 year old who was whipped on camera by uncle for Facebook gang
activity murdered in n.o.)
Accidental Injury Location V.S. Non-accidental injury Location
AIL: Bruises on the outside like arms and legs
Non-AIL: Bruises or fractures to a child that are suspicious of intentional injury
located on ears and cheeks, neck, shoulders, and upper arms, genitals, and inner
thigh so Bruising on locations other than bony. Defense posturing
B. Cognitive Problems
B.1. Decreased intellectual/cognitive functioning, poorer school
performance, more learning disabilities
C. Behavioral problems
C.1. Physical aggression and antisocial behavior
D. Socio-emotional Difficulties
D.1. Attachment problems, poor social skills, low self-esteem, feelings of
hopelessness, depression, low self-worth
II. Long Term effects
A. Criminal and Violent behavior
B. Substance abuse
C. Socio-emotional difficulties
C.1. Self-destructive and suicidal behavior, anxiety, hostility, depression
Child Sexual Abuse
Child Sexual Abuse Definition
Contacts or interactions between a child and an adult when the child is being
used for the sexual stimulation of the perpetrator or another person. Sexual
abuse may also be committed by a person under the age of 18 when that person
is either significantly older than the victim or when the perpetrator is in a
position of power and control over another child. (The National Center o Child
Abuse and Neglect, n.d.)
4 main components to definition of CSA:
C.1.a.1. Includes both interfamilial sexual abuse and
extrafamilial sexual abuse
C.1.a.2. Includes both physical contact and non contact
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find more resources at oneclass.com
activities
(intent of caregiver important)
C.1.a.3. Children incapable of providing informed consent
C.1.a.4. The age or maturational advantage of the perpetrator
(if they have a big difference like size, age, status etc.)
Depends on different Defin
Prevalence of Child Sexual Abuse (wildly unreported)
Finkelhor review
At least 20% of women and between 5% and 10% of men experienced CSA
Police investigation statistics (2009)
One-third of child victims of family violence were sexually assaulted
The vast majority victims know the offender
32% victimized by a family member (40% parents, 41% siblings, 29%
other families member)
Ontario Incidence study of reported child abuse and neglect (1993)
28% of substantiated cases involved CSA
Third most common form of child abuse
Canadian incidence study (2008)
2607 substantiated investigations for CSA
Rate: 0.43/1000 children
Canadian community health survey (2012)
10.1% of Canadians 18 years and older experienced CSA before age 16
14.1% of female and 5.8% of male
Characteristics of Victims of Child Sexual Abuse
A. Age
-Police reports vs. retrospective self-reports
(police report has so many female report highest report being 11 year old in USA
data)
(Male children assault are younger than female)
B. Gender
-Females at most risk
-Under-reporting among males
Reason relating to male victims of CSA
Reasons relating to other
(For male the highest rate is 4 but average is between 4-15 and flat curve, female
goes up from 4 to 15 that peak at 14,15 and increase followed by their age increase
FROM POLICE REPORT ONLY)
Boys won’t want to be perceived as a victim (boys are usually dominant in social
norm)
Boys are more likely abused by other male perpetrator
Characteristics of Perpetrators of Child Sexual Abuse
A. Age
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find more resources at oneclass.com
甲甲 Average age of Family perpetrators 34 years
甲甲 A third of perpetrator are youth
甲甲 Most offenders develop deviant sexual interests prior to age 18
(highest in 13-17 year old)
B. Gender
甲甲 Overwhelmingly male (98% in Canada in 2003)
C. Some Additional Risk Markers of CSA
Presence of a step-father
Having a mother who is employed outside the home
Having a mother who is disable or ill in some ways
Being socially isolated
Parent marital discord
Parental alcohol/drug problems
The Dynamic of CSA
A. Finkelhor’s Four Preconditions Model of Sexual Abuse
The Four Preconditions include:
1. The motivation to sexually abuse a child
甲甲 3 specific components relating to motivation:
(a) emotional congruence (when you angry you use sexual abuse as a way
to release), (b) sexual arousal, (c) blockage
2. Overcoming internal inhibitions against sexually abusing a child
thing in yourself can prevent (e.g. drug use, alcohol abuse, maybe the child is
not gonna tell anyone)
3. Overcoming external inhibitions against sexually abusing a child
(e.g. lack of supervision of the child, lack of social support of that family)
4. Overcoming the child’s possible resistance
(when the child has not enough sex education)
B. Initiation of the abuse
Perpetrators select children that are vulnerable in some way (e.g. more shy, not
talkative, easy to trust people)
Grooming process=a progression from nonsexual to sexual touching in the
context of a gradually developing relationship
Offenders may also:
Misrepresent moral standard or misuse their authority/adult
sophistication (parent force them, or tell them its happened normally to
parent and child)
Make statements justifying the sexual contact (I am going to teach how to
use this so I need to grab your hand and…….)
Use coercive tactic to initiate the sexual relationship (I will hurt you if you
don’t listen to me)
C. Maintenance of the abuse
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
See wallace and roberson textbook for discussion on medical signs and effects of pca (medical science) https://www. mayoclinic. org/diseases-conditions/child-abuse/symptoms- causes/syc-20370864 (youtube: 16 year old who was whipped on camera by uncle for facebook gang activity murdered in n. o. ) Ail: bruises on the outside like arms and legs. Non-ail: bruises or fractures to a child that are suspicious of intentional injury located on ears and cheeks, neck, shoulders, and upper arms, genitals, and inner thigh so bruising on locations other than bony. Decreased intellectual/cognitive functioning, poorer school performance, more learning disabilities: behavioral problems. Physical aggression and antisocial behavior: socio-emotional difficulties. Attachment problems, poor social skills, low self-esteem, feelings of hopelessness, depression, low self-worth. Long term effects: criminal and violent behavior, substance abuse, socio-emotional difficulties. Contacts or interactions between a child and an adult when the child is being used for the sexual stimulation of the perpetrator or another person. Includes both physical contact and non contact activities (intent of caregiver important)
