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BIOL 2300 Lecture Notes - Lecture 10: Null Hypothesis, Intraspecific Competition, Quadrat

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sangriakoala177
22 Jun 2018
School
University of Manitoba
Department
Biological Sciences
Course
BIOL 2300
Professor
Paul G.Messing

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LECTURE 10 SPATIAL POPULATION STRUCTURE
So far…
Population Structure
What determines population size (number of individuals in a population)?
What is an individual?
Spatial Structure
Geographical Range
Metapopulations
Dispersion Patterns
3 General Patterns of Dispersion
Population Size
Summary
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So far…
1. Individuals:
• How individuals interact with their abiotic and biotic environment
• Evolutionary Ecology: individuals are the units of evolution
o How individuals maximize fitness and adapt to their environment over
generations
• Physiological Ecology: how individuals respond to environmental conditions
(abiotic)
• Behavioural Ecology: how individuals respond to other organisms (biotic)
2. Populations:
• Evolutionary Ecology: evolutionary change occurs at the population level
• Population Ecology: processes of birth, death, migration influence the
abundance/distribution patterns of groups of organisms
Population Structure
1. Spatial Structure: how individuals organize themselves in space
o Geographic distribution/range (large scale)
o Patterns of dispersal (small scale)
o Patterns of dispersion
o Population size
2. Age/Size Structure: number of individuals in each age/size class
o Demographic rates (b, d, migration) of individuals change throughout
their lifetime
3. Genetic Structure: genetic composition of all individuals combined within the
population
• These characteristics together define population structure.
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3
What determines population size (number of individuals in
a population)?
• Demographic processes: birth rates, death rates, migration rates
• These demographic processes will be influenced by abiotic and biotic factors.
• Need to count the number of individuals in a population… but what is an
individual?
What is an individual?
• Population: a group of individuals of one species living together
o Represent the ecological unit within which individuals mate and
offspring are produced
• 2 types of individuals can make up a population:
1. Unitary Individuals: physically and genetically distinct individuals each
arising from a genetically distinct zygote (e.g. humans, dogs)
o Genets: genetically distinct individuals, each derived from a single
zygote (sexual reproduction)
2. Modular Individuals: consist of many interconnected units derived from the
same zygote (e.g. plants, corals, sponges)
o Modular individuals can exist separately and be physiologically
independent.
o Modules with the potential to exist separately are ramets (genetically
identical; asexual reproduction).
• E.g., Aspen tree (Genus Populus)
o A tree develops from a seed (zygote)
o Reproduces asexually via underground horizontal roots
o Gives rise to what appears to be another individual tree
o Each tree produced is a ramet, while all trees together are a genet.
• Important to distinguish between unitary (genetically distinct) and modular
(genetically identical) individuals.
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Document Summary

Important to distinguish between unitary (genetically distinct) and modular (genetically identical) individuals. 3: remember must be genetic variation for natural selection to occur, conservation: if a population of ramets no genetic variation less likely to adapt to environmental changes high risk of extinction. Dispersion patterns: patterns of dispersion: spacing of individuals with respect to one another. 3 general patterns of dispersion: clumped: in discrete groups, heterogeneous distribution of suitable conditions/resources, social attraction (e. g. , flocking) Northern gannet: large scale: clumped (breeding habitat, moderate scale: clumped (predator avoidance, small scale: even (competition, critical to define the spatial scale of dispersion patterns. Estimate: 10 individuals x 10 = 100 individuals: the estimate is wrong (e. g. , what if they"re clumped estimate will be far off), population size is 18. 6: need to count the number of individuals in a number of 10 km areas, count: 10 ind/10km, 0 ind/10km, 0 ind/10km, 0 ind/10km: estimate: 2. 5 ind x 10.

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Related Questions

Question :Mutations that cause sickness and/or death after reproduction has occurred:

Question 1

options: can be passed on to future generations.

will not be passed on to future generations. are unlikely to occur.

are only passed on to future generations in species that have short life spans.

Question 2

In a population exhibiting logistic growth, what happens when the carrying capacity is exceeded?

Question 2 options:

The growth rate becomes zero until the population is back within the carrying capacity.

The growth rate becomes negative until the population is back within the carrying capacity.

The population crashes and becomes extinct.

The population's fertility drops to zero.

Question 3 How does exponential growth differ from logistic growth?

Question 3 options:

Logistic growth models take the population's age structure into account.

Long-term exponential growth is more commonly observed than long-term logistic growth in nature.

The logistic model of growth incorporates environmental limitations on population size.

Logistic growth generally comes with infinite expansion.

Question 4 Density-dependent and density-independent growth factors influence the size of a population by causing changes in the:

Question 4 options:

death rate and pattern of dispersion.

birth rate and death rate.

age structure and birth rate.

carrying capacity and age structure.

Question 5 The life history of an organism does not include the organism's

Question 5 options:

reproduction

All of these are included in an organism's life history.

death

birth

1. Which of the following risks is the result of random variation in the survival and production of offspring and is especially of concern for a small population?
A. Genetic drift
B. Environmental stochasticity
C. Inbreeding depression
D. Demographic stochasticity

2. Imagine you are a marine biologist and you want to estimate the population size of sea otters in your study area. Which of the following method would be the best approach to do this?
A. Counts
B. Mark-recapture
C. Quadrat
D. All of the above

3. You captured and tagged 15 otters on Day 1. A month later, you resample the area and catch 30 otters, of which 3 are tagged. What is the estimated total population size?
A. 30
B. 50
C. 125
D. 150
E. 450

4. If you used a mark-recapture approach to estimate the size of an animal population, but the tags were defective and fell off some of the originally sampled individuals, the method would tend to:
A. Underestimate the true population size
B. Overestimate the true population size
C. Either underestimate or overestimate the true population size, depending on how many individuals lost their tags
D. None of the above

5. Which of the following affect population size?
A. Birth, death
B. Birth, death, immigration, emigration
C. Birth, death, immigration, emigration, speciation
D. Birth, death, genetic drift
E. None of the above

---- Please hlep on ALL EXCERCISES on excel with each excersie on a separate tab. Thank You

Pop 1 – Exponential Population Growth

Exercise #1 Begin with a continuously growing population of 9 individuals and an intrinsic rate of growth (r) of 0.33 per year. Project the growth of this population over the next 10 years.

Exercise #2 Decrease r from 0.33 to 0.27 and repeat exercise 1. Include a graph showing the two population trajectories.

Exercise #3 Assume that the population in exercise #1 has discrete as opposed to continuous population growth with λ = 1.40. Project the growth of this population over the next 20 years.

Exercise #4 If a continuously growing population contained 47 individuals in 2000 and 156 individuals in 2013, what is r?

Exercise #5 How many years would be required for a continuously growing population of 19 individuals with r = 0.15 to increase to a size of 500 individuals?

Exercise #6 What is the doubling time of a continuously growing population with an r = 0.007?

Exercise #7 What is the probability of extinction for a species of rare bird with an initial population size of 180, b = 1.41, d = 1.39. What if there were only 30 birds to start?

Exercise #8 Observations of an endemic salamander species in the Santa Cruz mountains have declined from 21 per transect in 1975 to 14 per transect in 2014. What is λ for this discretely growing population?

Equations

t double = ln(2)/r

P(extinction) = (d/b)^N0

-------------------------------Please help out!!! Please do it on excel (upload it on excel) and have screenshots of it. Thank You!!!!!!-----------------------------