POPM 3240 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Postpartum Infections, Percivall Pott, Genetic Epidemiology

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20 Jan 2017

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Document Summary

Disease, illness, and ill health are not randomly distributed in human populations: we have certain characteristics (genetic, environmental) that predispose us to, or protect us against, a variety of diseases. To identify the etiology or cause of a disease and the relevant risk factors: aim is to intervene to reduce morbidity and mortality from the disease, allows us to develop a rational basis for prevention programs. To determine the extent of disease found in the community: critical for planning health services and facilities and for training health care providers, screening for disease. To study the natural history and prognosis of disease: define the baseline natural history of a disease in quantitative terms, compare modes of intervention used (find effectiveness, clinical effectiveness of treatments. To provide the foundation for developing public policy relating to environmental problems, genetic issues, and other considerations regarding disease prevention and health promotion. Accuracy and interpretation of clinical diagnostics/tests (false positive and negatives)

Related Questions

QUESTION 1 1. The relative importance or burden of a disease within a population will depend on a number of factors including : A. Disease frequency B. Disease severity C. Disease consequences D. All of the above

QUESTION 2 1 . With the epidemiologic transition, there is a reduction in malnutrition and _____ . A. Communicable diseases B. Injuries C. Non-communicable chronic diseases D. Mental health disorders

QUESTION 3 1. A major challenge to developing a burden of disease profile in low and middle-income countries relates to A. Unwillingness to share complete information B. Conflicting disease definitions C. Challenges obtaining information related to cause of death D. All of the above

QUESTION 4 1. The demographic transition describes which of the following changes to society A. Changes in birth and death rates that reflect a modern society B. Declines in mortality followed by a reduction in fertility C. A change in the age structure of the population D. All of the above

QUESTION 5 1. Measures of health status that combine mortality and morbidity data A. Facilitate comparisons both within and across populations B. Help estimate the quantitative health benefits from interventions C. Serve as tools to assist with resource allocation D. All of the above

QUESTION 6 1. The disability-adjusted life year is defined as A. A health gap population summary measure that combines time lost due to disability with that lost due to death B. A measure to compare the gap between the current situation to that of an ideal situation C. A measure that combines the amount of healthy life lost due to morbidity with that lost due to injury. D. Answers B and C

QUESTION 7 1. True or false? A key limitation to mortality-based indicators is that they fail to account for the morbidity caused by disease. True False

QUESTION 8 1. The most widely used composite measure of population health is the DALY, and this epidemiological measure is the sum of morbidity and ________data. A. Years of life lost (YLL) B. Morbidity C. Infant mortality rates (IMR) D. none of the above

QUESTION 9 1. What would be the best source of information on adult and infant mortality (in high income countries)? A. Disease registers B. Vital statistics C. Special survey study D. Hospital clinic statistics

QUESTION 10 1. Which term is best used to describe the proportion of people in a population who have a defined disease at a specific point of time? A. DALY B. Incidence C. Mortality rate D. Prevalence

QUESTION 11 1. Which term is best used to describe new cases of disease occurring in a population? A. DALY B. Incidence C. Mortality rate D. Prevalence

QUESTION 12 1. Which term is used to describe the absence or presence of illness or disease? A. Demography B. Morbidity C. Mortality D. Vitality

QUESTION 13 1. Mortality (death indicators) include: A. Mortality rate B. Infant mortality rate C. Neonatal morality rate D. All of the above

QUESTION 14 1. True or false? The value of life is often implicit in the way resource allocation decisions are made, which suggests that these decisions should be as explicit, open, and transparent as possible. True False

QUESTION 15 1. _________________is projected as the number one leading cause of disease burden in 2030. A. Ischemic heart disease B. Diabetes mellitus C. HIV/AIDS D. Unipolar depression

QUESTION 16 1. Some of the negative aspects of globalization include A. Greater insecurity of employment B. Poorer housing and sanitation due to rapid urbanization C. Greater vulnerability to environmental degradation D. All of the above

QUESTION 17 1. Current concerns about climate change focus on several developments including A. Rising global average land and sea surface temperature B. Increasing frequency of extreme weather conditions C. Both A and B D. None of the above

QUESTION 18 1. True or false? Diseases carried by mosquitoes are especially sensitive to meteorological conditions because they are vulnerable to changes in the ambient temperature. As a result of changing temperatures, infectious diseases such as malaria and dengue have decreased in incidence and geographic range. True False

QUESTION 19 1. True or false? International cooperation of infectious disease control has a long history that includes obligatory reporting of outbreaks of specific diseases. However, compliance with obligatory reporting has been poor due to economic consequences that have often accompanied notification of disease outbreaks. True False

QUESTION 20 1. True or false? Globalization is a relatively new phenomenon that began in the mid-20th century. True False

1. What is public health and what is its history? What do the concepts of historical, current, and emerging health concerns mean as part of public health?

2.What do morbidity and mortality mean in public health? How do we use these to determine contributory causes of illness, injury, and death?

3.What are the six basic types of public health data and what are some advantages and disadvantages of each?

4.How do the social and behavioral sciences relate to public health?

5.What are the key legal principles that form the basis for public health law?

6.What is a non-communicable disease? Choose one and discuss the risk factors and at least one intervention to modify, reduce, or eliminate risk factors.

7.What is screening and what role does it play in communicable disease prevention?

8.What are the components of an environmental risk assessment? Choose an environmental risk (i.e. pesticides or lead) and apply this to an assessment.

9.Discuss three different public health professionals. What are their roles, where might they work, what is their education and credentialing?

10.Find two in-patient care facilities and two out-patient care facilities in your hometown. What do they do? Who do they serve? Please include a link or address so I may look into the selected facilities.

11.What are three types of insurance available in the US? Who has access to each? (i.e. what are the requirements to utilize or access each type you selected).

12.List the ten essential services of public health (yes, just list).

13.What is the role of public health in emergency preparedness for both man-made and natural disasters?

14.Examine the eight The Millennium Development Goals for 2015. Please list them and for each goal, one objective that has been set to meet that goal (be sure to include the who/what/when/ and where.

1. Biological specimens such as urine, stool and saliva samples can be useful for identifying all of the following, except

A risk factors for disease

B characteristics associated with having the disease

C blood pressure

D presence of disease

2. Abstracts provide a glimpse into the content of an article?

A true

B false

3. Acquisition of evidence for improving clinical and public health practices and policies is an example of a societal benefit of health research?

A true

B false

4. Population health research objectives may include: