Techniques for dna and rna analysis: electrophoresis: uses an electric field to separate macromolecules in agarose (dna/rna) or polyacrylamide (dna and protein) gels. Since dna is negatively charged, it will move to the anode. Rates of migration are proportionate to their size. Look at notes for steps: restriction mapping: for physical mapping on dna based on relative location of re sites. Relative position of re sites on a dna are used as markers. Helps provide an overview of the organization of a dna fragment. Can be used for cloning sub fragments of the dna and assembling a total genomic dna sequence. If the dna is circular the # of cuts = # of fragments. If dna is linear # of cuts = # of fragments +1. The sum of all fragments should equal the sixe of original dna. Compare banding patterns of singe and double digestion to determine which bands are ansent in the double digest.