MBG 2040 Lecture Notes - Lecture 11: Vitellogenin, Plasma Cell, Transcription Factor Ii B

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19 Nov 2016

School

University of Guelph

Department

Molecular Biology and Genetics

Course

MBG 2040

Professor

Baozhong Meng

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Document Summary

Perpetuation of genetic information from generation to generation though high fidelity. Transcription to produce distinct types of functional rnas. Translation of mrnas into proteins (enzymes, structural proteins, signal molecules) Gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes compared: prokaryotes. Prokaryotic genomes are much smaller and more compact. Sequence of a gene is co- linear with those of its mrna and polypeptide chain. Mrnas are often polygenic (1 mrna produces more than 1 protein) One dna-dependent rna polymerase takes it all. All stages of genome replication, transcription and translation occur within the plasma cell membrane as prokaryotes contain no nucleus. Gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes compared: eukaryotes. Eukaryotic genomes are much larger and more complex. Gene sequences for eukaryotes are not co-linear with those of mrnas and polypeptides (introns and exons) Mrnas are monogenic (1mrna produces 1 protein) Events of transcription and translation are separated by the nuclear membrane.

Related Questions

(tautomerization) The most common form of guanine is the ketoform, not the enol form.

True

False

What term describes the allowed degree of base pair matchingduring annealing, varying from lots of base-pair mismatches allowedto allowing only perfect base-pair matching.

stringency

aneuploidy

polyploidy

quantitative PCR

restriction fragment length polymorphism

I have an individual with a disease we will call SSI-itis,brought on by extreme exposure to cannabis. I do a southern andfind the gene affected. Another of his classmates exhibits theexact same symptoms, but that gene in hiw is wt. A southern in thesecond student finds a mutation in another gene. This is an exampleof

pleitropy

allelic heterogeneity

locus heterogeneity

dominant traits

recessive traits

penetrance

If a person carrying a dominant allele does not demonstrate thephenotype strongly, but still differs from wt, thisdemonstrates?

haploinsufficiency

penetrance

expressivity

monogenic traits

polygenic traits

I find three alleles for a gene in a fruit fly. One allelecreates the ability for the fly to eat graphite. Another allelecreates the ability for the fly to eat coal. The third alleleallows the fly to eat diamond. These alleles are all dominant, andwt cannot eat any of these substances. Which statement below is themost true?

Upon mating a bunch of the flies carrying these alleles, Ishould not find a fly that can eat graphite, coal, and diamond.

I would consider the ability to eat these substances an exampleof pleitropy because they are all carbon.

I would expect the ability to eat diamond to be dominant to theability to eat graphite.

These flies are demonstrating locusheterogeneity.

Expression vectors in prokaryotes do not make functionaleukaryotic gene products in bacteria very well because

the codon sequence for prokaryotes is different than the codonsequence in eukaryotes

there are no disulfide bridges formed in proteins normally madein prokaryotes

prokaryotic expression vectors cannot translate eukaryticsequences

eukaryotic genes have introns, and prokaryotes don't

eukaryotic genes have exons and prokaryotes don't

Which of the following is not used in PCR amplification ofDNA?

Double-stranded DNA template

Oligonucleotide primers

DNA polymerase

DNA ligase

ddNTPs

I create a knockout mouse using the agouti/black fur systemdiscussed in the online lecture and in the book. When I cross theagouti offspring of the originally engineered mouse, I find a ratioof 2 agouti mice to 1 black furred mouse. What is the bestexplanation?

The gene knocked out was recessive.

The gene knocked out was dominant.

The gene knocked out was a lethal gene.

The knockput was integrated into a random spot, and did notknockput the original gene.

A loss of function mutation is usually recessive, but canactually be a dominant mutation because of what effect?

haploinsufficiency

dominant negative mutations

allelic heterogeneity

locus heterogeneity

pleitropy

A genetic carrier of a disease can have a form of the diseasethat only shows intermittent symptoms, while the full homozygousrecessiuve individual would show all of the symptoms of thedisease.

True

False

Wild type, or wt, refers to the genotype that is the typicalgenotype found in nature. Now read that again. Once more. Nowanswer.

Answer

True

False

mauvekangaroo793

5. Alpha amanitin is a drug that binds RNA polymerase andprevents it from functioning in the cell (this is the compound thatis found in poison mushrooms). The reason people die when theyconsume alpha amanitin is:

a) Alpha amanitin prevents gene expression from occurring in thecell

b) DNA replication is directly inhibited by alpha amantin

c) Alpha amanitin binds tightly to the messenger RNAs that aremade in the cell, preventing translation

d) Alpha amanitin binds to nuclear pores preventing thetransport of messenger RNA into the cytoplasm

6. In order for transcriptional initiation to begin in E. colithe following elements are needed:

a) an origin and RNA polymerase

b) initiator protein and a promoter

c) the sigma subunit of RNA polymerase and an RNA template

d) RNA polymerase and a promoter

e) helicase and primase

Questions 7 and 8. You are studying two species of closelyrelated snakes, one species lives in sandy desert area and has paletan skin and the species lives in a volcanic rock area and has darkbrown skin. You a sequence the DNA from each type of snake anddiscover a gene encoding a protein that transports pigment into theskin cells. The pigment transporter protein is responsible for skincolor. When you analyze the DNA coding sequence of the pigmenttransporter from each snake you find these two DNA sequences (hashmarks have been added to indicate the reading frame):

pale tan snake: GCG/TTG/GAC/TGC/ACC (DNA template strand)CGC/AAC/CTG/ACG/TGG (complementary strand) dark brown snake:ACG/TTG/GAC/TGC/ACC (DNA template strand) TGC/AAC/CTG/ACG/TGG(complementary strand)

7. From these sequences you conclude:

a) that the amino acid sequence of the pigment transporters forthe two proteins are almost identical

b) that the amino acid sequence of the pigment transporters forthe two proteins are very dissimilar

c) that the amino acid sequence of the pigment transporters forthe two proteins are identical

8. Since the skin color is different in each snake, you concludefrom the sequence data above that:

a) the genetic code in the skin cells in each of these snakes isdifferent

b) the DNA sequence encoding the entire gene for pigmenttransporters in these two snakes is different

c) that one of the codons in the gene for the pigmenttransporter in these two snakes is different

9. You are analyzing eukaryotic cells that have been exposed tothe radioactive uracil. In most cells the radioactive uracil isinitially localized in the nucleus and then moves from the nucleusto the cytoplasm. However, you observe that in some cells theradioactive molecules stay in the nucleus and never arrive in thecytoplasm. This is most likely a defect in:

a) the transcription of the DNA

b) the processing of the mRNA

c) the translation of the RNA

d) the labeling of the RNA

e) the replication of the DNA

10. Which of the following is true of both eukaryotic andbacterial transcription? (select all that are true)
a) Transcription factors must bind the promoter before RNApolymerase initiates transcription

b) Messenger RNAs must be spliced before translation begins inorder to produce the appropriate gene product

c) During transcription only one DNA strand is used as atemplate to make the messenger RNA

d) Termination of transcription occurs when the RNA polymerasetranscribes a hairpin structure in the RNA followed by a string ofU

erinporpoise384

Question 1

The process by which RNA is synthesized using DNA as a template is â¦

Select one:

a. replication

b. transcription

c. translation

d. inspiration

Question 2

Which of the following occurs during meiosis but not mitosis?

Select one:

a. DNA condenses into chromosomes

b. nuclear envelop disappears

c. homologous chromosomes separate

d. sister chromatids separate

Question 3

Which part of the animal life cycle is haploid?

Select one:

a. gamete

b. zygote

c. sporophyte

d. spore

Question 4

Single celled eukaryotic organisms are â¦

Select one:

a. viruses

b. bacterial

c. archaea

d. protists

Question 5

Which type of cellular division results in the formation of diploid cells from a diploid parent cell?

Select one:

a. mitosis

b. meiosis

c. interphase

d. A and B but not C

e. all of the above

Question 6

A sequence of DNA that codes for a single protein is a â¦

Select one:

a. gene

b. ribosome

c. mRNA

d. none of the above

Question 7

Which of the following is characteristic of animals?

Select one:

a. heterotrophic

b. sexual reproduction

c. embryonic development

d. all of the above

Question 8

All genes have only two possible alleles.

Select one:

True

False

Question 9

The presence of membrane-bound organelles is characteristic of â¦

Select one:

a. prokaryotes

b. viruses

c. bacteria

d. eukaryotes

Question 10

What are the building blocks of proteins?

Select one:

a. fatty acids

b. amino acids

c. nucleic acids

d. all of the above

Question 11

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

Select one:

a. Mitosis

b. Interphase

c. Meiosis

d. Replicosis

Question 12

Which of the following characteristic is shared among fungi and animals?

Select one:

a. autotrophic

b. heterotrophic

c. cell walls

d. absorb nutrients

Question 13

A error in DNA replication that goes unrepaired is a â¦

Select one:

a. chromosome

b. chromatid

c. mutation

d. none of the above

Question 14

Alternate forms of a gene are called ________.

Select one:

a. chromatids

b. chromosomes

c. ribosomal subunits

d. alleles

Question 15

The physical expression of a genotype is the phenotype.

Select one:

True

False

Question 16

In complete dominance, a heterozygous genotype results in â¦

Select one:

a. a recessive phenotype

b. a dominant phenotype

c. a third and unique phenotype

d. none of the above

Question 17

Which theory explains the evolution of eukaryotes from prokaryotes?

Select one:

a. phagocytosis

b. endosymbiosis

c. pinocytosis

d. none of the above

Question 18

Which scientist experimented with plants to describe patterns of inheritance?

Select one:

a. Mendel

b. Chase

c. Einstein

d. Watson

Question 19

Which cellular organelle contains aerobic cellular respiration?

Select one:

a. chloroplasts

b. mitochondria

c. nucleus

d. lysosome

Question 20

Which of the following statements is false?

Select one:

a. Haploid gametes are formed by meiosis

b. Mitosis forms genetically identical daughter cells

c. Mitosis results in the formation of four daughter cells from a single parent cell

d. Mitosis forms diploid daughter cells from a diploid parent cell

Question 21

The first forms of life on Earth were ________.

Select one:

a. plants

b. microorganisms

c. birds

d. dinosaurs

Question 22

Which of the following is used to separate chromosomes during nuclear division?

Select one:

a. cytoskeleton

b. microtubules

c. actin and myosin

d. amoeboid movement

e. all of the above

Question 23

Which generation is most dominant in more primitive plants?

Select one:

a. bryophyte

b. sporophyte

c. gametophyte

d. androphyte

Question 24

Which of the following is characteristic of plants?

Select one:

a. autotrophic

b. contain chloroplasts

c. multicellular

d. all of the above

Question 25

During which phase of mitosis do chromosome line up along the middle of the cell?

Select one:

a. prophase

b. metaphase

c. anaphase

d. telophase

Question 26

During which phase of mitosis does DNA condense into distinct chromosomes?

Select one:

a. prophase

b. metaphase

c. anaphase

d. telophase

Question 27

The process by which DNA is used as a template to make new DNA is â¦

Select one:

a. translation

b. replication

c. transcription

d. allocation

Question 28

Which of the following is characteristic of plant but not animal cells?

Select one:

a. chloroplasts

b. water vacuole

c. cell wall

d. all of the above

Question 29

Which meiotic division is most like mitosis?

Select one:

a. Meiosis I

b. Meiosis II

c. Meiosis III

d. Meiosis IV

Question 30

Which enzyme catalyzes replication?

Select one:

a. DNA polymerase

b. RNA polymerase

c. Ribosome

d. all of the above

MBG 2040 Lecture Notes - Lecture 11: Vitellogenin, Plasma Cell, Transcription Factor Ii B

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