CHEM 1040 Lecture 6: Unit 1
11 Oct 2018
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KEY QUESTIONS
LESSON 1
1. Because the atomic number is 12, I know Magnesium has 12 electrons.
2. I don’t think that the isotope carbon-14 would be useful for dating bones
over a million years old. This is because after 40,000 years, less than 1% of
the Carbon-14 isotope is left in the bone due to decaying. Because the half life
is only 5730 years, it wouldn’t be good evidence to date something over
40,000 years.
3. Hydrolysis- Hydrolysis is the chemical breakdown of a compound due to
reaction with water. During the reaction a water molecule is broken down..
Water, which is important for biochemical reactions, is used to break down
and join molecules together, as well as to break apart the food we eat.
Condensation- Condensation occurs when two molecules combine to form
one molecule, water is produced when two smaller molecules join to produce
a larger molecule. Condensation occurs in the body when we are building
muscle tissue
Oxidation-Reduction- The process of losing electrons is oxidation and the
process of gaining electrons is reduction. The electron transfer between two
substances, which involves a reduction of one, and an oxidation of another is
called a redox reaction. Cellular respiration is an example of a redox reaction
where glucose and oxygen are reacted to produce carbon dioxide, water and
energy.
Neutralization- Neutralization involves the reaction of an acid and a base to
produce water and a salt. This reaction occurs continually within our cells, as
well as in our stomachs and intestines.
4. Glucose is oxidized and oxygen is reduced.
LESSON 2
5. Carbohydrates- Carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Its
monomers are monosaccharides. The functional group found in them is a
hydroxyl group and a carbonyl group, such as in ketones and aldehydes. Its
linkage type is a glycosidic linkage, which are formed from condensation
reactions. Its main function is to be used as building materials for energy, and
for cell identification and communication.
Proteins- Amino acids are the monomers that make up proteins. The
functional groups found in them are an amino group and a carboxyl group
and a side chain “R” group. The bonds that hold amino acids together are
called peptide linkages. Its main function is to provide energy for the cell, act
as enzymes and communicate between cells.
Lipids- Lipids are made up of Glycerol and fatty-acid chains. Lipids contain
an ester group. Its linkage type is an ester linkage that attaches the fatty acids
to the glycerol. Its main function is to act as raw material for the synthesis of
hormones, to provide energy for the cell, to provide protection and insulation
for our organs and to act as a chemical messenger between cells.
Nucleic acids- Nucleotides are the monomers that make up nucleic acids.
Nucleotides consist of a nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar and a
phosphate group. The phosphate and ribose group are joined together by a
phosphodiester linkage. Nucleic acids are found in DNA, RNA, ATP and
nucleotide coenzymes such as NAD. In the form of DNA and RNA, it is used to
carry genetic information.
