BIOM 2000 Lecture Notes - Lecture 19: Blood Plasma, Hemoglobin, Carbonic Anhydrase

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16 Mar 2016

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Oxygen is loaded into blood and carbon dioxide is unloaded. Oxygen is relatively insoluble, only small amount is carried in the blood (level of dissolved oxygen not enough to meet needs of body tissue) Protein, hemoglobin, carries the majority of oxygen in the blood forming. Contains iron, present in cytoplasm of rbcs. It chemically combines with oxygen, and releases the gas when cells need it. Acts as an oxygen shuttle from lungs to body tissue. In the lungs: carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood to the alveoli and blood carbon-dioxide levels are low. This reduces acidity of blood in the lungs. In the tissues: blood carbon dioxide levels are high because the cells produce the gas as an excretory product, and oxygen levels are low because cells are using it. This increases the acidity of blood in the tissues. Acidity of the plasma is related directly to plasma carbon dioxide content.

Related Questions

True of False: Freshwater environments have a higher concentration of oxygen than saltwater environments.

QUESTION 2 If the difference in partial pressure of gas on either side of the barrier to diffusion is 0, which of these events will occur?

The area for gas exchange will increase to accommodate this similarity.

The constant for diffusion will decrease.

The rate of diffusion will be 0.

The distance thickness of the barrier to diffusion will also be 0.

QUESTION 3 On the x-axis of the oxygenâhemoglobin equilibrium curve is the partial pressure of oxygen in tissues. Which type of blood is most likely to be represented by the right-hand side of the axis? (Hint: the oxygen-hemoglobin equilibrium curve is figure 45.14 in your book on pg 913)

blood found in the left ventricle

blood found in the right atrium

blood found in the superior vena cava

blood found in the inferior vena cava

QUESTION 4 Which of these is an example of pulmonary circulation?

Blood is pumped from the right ventricle to the lungs.

Blood is pumped from the left ventricle to the aorta.

Blood is pumped from the aorta to the cardiac vein.

Blood is pumped from the inferior vena cava to the right atrium.

QUESTION 5 O2 will diffuse from blood to tissue faster in response to which of the following conditions?

an increase in the PO2 of the tissue

a decrease in the PO2 of the tissue

an increase in the thickness of the capillary wall

a decrease in the surface area of the capillary

QUESTION 6 Which of the following promotes oxygen release from hemoglobin?

a decrease in temperature

a decrease in carbon dioxide levels

a decrease in pH

a decrease in carbonic anhydrase

QUESTION 7 How does the medulla oblongata sense the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood?

A. Carbonic anhydrase produced by cells performing cellular respiration is exported and travels though the blood, and binds to a receptor on the medullary respiratory center, which causes a signal amplification resulting in a change in gene expression which results in the production of proteins that will cause the diaphragm to contract

B. CO2 produced by cells performing cellular respiration reacts with blood plasma for form an acid, which increases the pH of the blood, which causes the medullary respiratory center to contract the diaphragm

C. CO2 produced by cells performing cellular respiration reacts with blood plasma for form an acid, which decreases the pH of the blood, which causes the medullary respiratory center to contract the diaphragm

D. A and B

E. A and C

QUESTION 8 Which of the following parts of the lung are considered "dead space"? A. The alveoli B. The trachea C. The bronchi D. B and C E. All of the above

QUESTION 9 Which of the following blood vessels have the thinnest walls?

arteries

arterioles

capillaries

venules

veins

QUESTION 10 How does the interstitial fluid return to the bloodstream?

A. Interstitial fluid flows into the capillary where the osmotic pressure driving fluid into the bloodstream is greater than the blood pressure driving fluid out of the blood

B. Interstitial fluid flows into the capillary where the blood pressure driving fluid into the bloodstream is greater than the osmotic pressure driving fluid out of the blood

C. Interstitial fluid leaves the tissue via lymphatic ducts and travels through the lymphatic system, which returns the fluid to the veins. D. A and C

E. B and C

QUESTION 11 True or False: When an electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG) shows a flat line (aka asystole), medical personnel will restart the heart using a defibrillator.

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1. A blood vessel thatbecomes damaged and increases in diameter will fail because thetension in the walls _____ when compared to the previoulsyundamaged vessel.

A. decreases with anincreased diameter

B.decreases withpressure

C. increases with decreasedvessel thickness

D. decreases with increasedvessel thickness

E. increases with anincreased diameter

2. This nerve controls quiet respiration.

A. intercostalnerve

B. phrenic nerve

C. Diaphragmaticnerve

D.vagus nerve

E. pulmonaryplexus

3. Which of the following has no effect on oxyhemoglobindissociation?

A. lactic acid

B. fever

C. high tissue carbon dioxide

D. low ph

E. blood pressure

4. Surfactant of the lungs is created by

A. Oat cells.

B. lungmacrophages.

C. Type Ipneumocytes.

D. Type IIpneumocytes.

E. Goblet Cells

5. What is the medical termused to describe a lung that is no longer exchanging gases due tothe physical collapse of the alveoli (collpased lung)?

		A. apnea
		B.dyspnea
		C. acutebronchitis
		D. atelectasis
		E. asthma

6. If an individual removesthe surfactant from the lungs by inhaling and then exhaling asubstantial quantity of fresh water, the ____.

		A. alveoli would increase indiameter
		B. alveoli would decrease indiameter
		C. bronchioles would increasein diameter
		D. bronchioles would decreasein diameter
		E. vital capacity wouldincrease
		F. anatomical dead air spacewould increase

7. The chemoreceptors thatbest monitor the affects of respiration are found in

		A. the brainstem.
		B. the carotidbaroreceptor.
		C. the aoritcarch.
		D. the kidney.
		E. the cerbrospinalfluid.

8. Henry's Law deals with

		A. the total pressure of agas being made of the partial pressures of theindividual constituents
		B. the volume of a gas isrelated to the temperature and pressure
		C. the pressure of a gas isdirectly related to its velocity
		D. oxygen binding hemoglobinis temperature dependent
		E. oxygen binding hemoglobinis pH dependent

9. The amount of air in excess of tidal volume that can beinhaled with maximum effort is called

		A. vital capacity.
		B. inspiratory reservevolume.
		C. expiratory reservevolume.
		D. residualvolume.
		E. inspiratorycapacity.

10. Large amounts of air in the pleural spaces of a lung willcause the lung to collapse because ___________.

		A. the pressure of thetrapped air prevents inflation of the lung
		B. the trapped air will goout a hole called the pnuemothorax
		C. the lung is not longerstuck to the parietal pleural lining
		D. the lung has lostsurfactant
		E. the air will not beabsorbed outside of an alveoli

11. Most carbon dioxideproduced by cellular metabolism is

		A. carried by the red bloodcells bound to hemoglobin
		B. carried in the bloodplasma as bicarbonate
		C. carried in the red bloodcells as bicarbonate
		D. carried in the plamsa asdissolved gas
		E. carried in the red bloodcell as dissolved gas

12. If I have a blood vessel that doubles in diameter, at the samepressure I would expect about ____ as much blood to go throughit.

		A. 2 times
		B. 4 times
		C. 8 times
		D. 16 times
		E. 32 times
		F. 64 times

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1. Which of the following are considered blood vessels within the cardiovascular system? (Select all that apply.)

Veins

Arteries \

Epithelial tissue

Capillaries

Epidermis

2. The middle muscle layer found in the walls of the heart is the __________.

Myocardium

Epicardium

Endocardium

Aorta

3. Blood is transported throughout the body via ___________.

Veins
Arteries

Capillaries

All of the above

4. The right atrium receives blood from all parts of the body except the ______________.

Abdominal cavity

Lungs

Dorsal cavity

Cranium

5. Blood carries which of the following?

Oxygen and cellular waste

Oxygen, nutrients, hormones, enzymes, and cellular waste

Nutrients, hormones, enzymes

Oxygen, nutrients, enzymes

6. Vocal chords are found in the ____________.

Bronchus

Trachea

Larynx and Pharynx

Nasal cavity

7. The trachea is mostly lined by ________________.

Alveoli

Ciliated

mucous membrane

Lung capillaries
Vocal chords

8. Excess CO2 from the body is __________________.

Stored in the pancreas

Digested by cells

Excreted by the respiration process

Used to make ATP

9. CO2 from the body is released into the lungs via _________________.

Ciliated mucous membrane

Alveolar air

Nasal cavity

Bronchial tree

10. The principal function(s) of gas exchange is ____________________.

To supply cells with oxygen

To remove CO2 from the body

Both A and B

Neither of the above

One of the most common chronic conditions affecting the respiratory system is asthma. Asthma is a condition characterized by inflammation of the airways. When an asthma attack is triggered, the airways become even more inflamed and can restrict breathing. Common symptoms during an asthma attacks include coughing, wheezing, tightness in the chest and shortness of breath. Severe asthma attacks can be fatal. People with a family history of asthma are more likely to have the condition. While there is no cure for asthma, proper medical care and a management plan can help to maintain quality of life for people living with asthma. There are different types of asthma, each with their own triggers and management plans. Type Description Exercise-induced Bronchoconstriction (EIB), or Exercise-induced Asthma (EIA) Some people only experience asthma symptoms during exercise. Exercise-induced asthma causes the narrowing of airways during exercise, which restricts the flow of air to and from the lungs. Cold, dry air tends to exacerbate symptoms, while warm, humid air may reduce symptoms. People with exercise-induced asthma should work with their doctor to create a management plan that still allows them to exercise while keeping their symptoms under control. Allergic Asthma Allergic asthma is the most common form of asthma. It is triggered by inhaling allergen particulates, such as dust mites, pollen, pet dander, or mold. The bodyâs reaction to the allergens causes inflammation that results in coughing, wheezing, and other symptoms of asthma. Occupational Asthma Occupational asthma is caused by the frequent inhalation (breathing) of gases, fumes, dust, or other harmful substances in the workplace. Employees working in the chemical or petroleum industries are frequently exposed to chemicals such as Sulphur dioxide or hydrochloric acid, and may develop occupational asthma after prolonged exposure. Childhood Asthma Childhood asthma is usually developed before age 5. It is a condition that affects millions of children. It is vital that childhood asthma is properly controlled to prevent damage to the developing lungs Risk factors: â¢ Allergies â¢ Family history â¢ Frequent respiratory infections â¢ Low birth-weight â¢ Second-hand smoke â¢ Residing in a low-income, urban environment

Asthma symptoms that are triggered by exposure to pollen, pet dander, mold, or dust mites is indicative of which of the following types of asthma:

Occupational asthma

Childhood asthma

Allergic asthma

Exercise-induced asthma

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BIOM 2000 Lecture Notes - Lecture 19: Blood Plasma, Hemoglobin, Carbonic Anhydrase

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