HE ED110 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Erectile Dysfunction, Gender Role, Biofeedback

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Chapter 3
Learning Objectives
1. Explain what stress is and how people react to it – physically, emotionally, and
behaviourally
2. Describe the relationship between stress and disease
3. List common sources of stress
4. Describe techniques for preventing and managing stress
5. Create a plan for successfully managing the stress in your life
What is Stress?
Stress refers to situations that trigger physical and emotional reactions and the
reactions themselves
Stressor (situation or event that triggers physical and emotional reactions)
Stress response (the reactions to the stressor)
Stress (describes the general physical and emotional state that accompanies the stress
response)
Actions of the Nervous System
Brain, spinal cord, nerves
Two divisions make up the autonomic nervous system:
Parasympathetic (in control when you are relaxed)
Sympathetic (activated during times of arousal)
Actions of the Endocrine System
glands, tissues, cells
Endocrine system is triggered during stress
Glands, tissues, and cells that help control bodily functions by releasing hormones
Helps prepare the body to respond to a stressor
Chemical messages and actions of sympathetic nerves cause the release of key
hormones
Hormones trigger physiological changes
Heart and respiration rates accelerate
Hearing and vision become more acute
Liver releases extra sugar to boost energy
Perspiration increases
Brain releases endorphins
These changes are called the fight-or-flight reaction
Homeostasis
The Fight-or-Flight Reaction in Modern Life
Has served as a survival mechanism
In modern times, the fight-or-flight reaction is “absurdly inappropriate”
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Emotional and Behavioral Responses to Stressors
Cognitive mental appraisal
Successful prediction
Perception of control
Highly individual and strongly related to emotions
Effective responses to stress:
Talking, laughing, exercise, and time-management
Ineffective responses to stress:
Overeating, procrastination, and frustration
Stress Level, Performance, and Well-Being
Personality and Stress
Personality is the sum of cognitive, behavioural, and emotional tendencies
Type A
Ultracompetitive, controlling ,impatient, aggressive, hostile have a higher
pierceived stress level and more prblems coping wit stress. They
Type B
Relaxed and contemplative
Type C
Anger suppression, difficulty expressing emotions, feelings of hopelessness and
despair, exaggerated response to minor stressors
Type D
Distressed, feel yet do not express negative emotions and avoid social contact
with others
Personality and Stress
Resilience refers to personality traits associated with social and academic success in at-
risk populations
Nonreactive resilience
Homeostatic resilience
Positive growth resilience
Personality and Stress
Cultural background and family background can influence reaction to stress
Gender role affects one’s experience of stress
Past experiences can profoundly influence the evaluation of a potential stressor
The Stress Experience as a Whole
Stress and Health
The general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is a pattern of stress responses consisting of
three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. Stress can be either eustress or distress.
Allostatic load refers to the long-term wear and tear of the stress response.
Psychoneuroimmunology is the study of the interactions among the nervous, endocrine,
and immune systems.
Stress and Health
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Document Summary

Stress refers to situations that trigger physical and emotional reactions and the reactions themselves. Stressor (situation or event that triggers physical and emotional reactions) Stress response (the reactions to the stressor) Stress (describes the general physical and emotional state that accompanies the stress response) Two divisions make up the autonomic nervous system: Parasympathetic (in control when you are relaxed) Actions of the endocrine system glands, tissues, cells. Glands, tissues, and cells that help control bodily functions by releasing hormones. Helps prepare the body to respond to a stressor. Chemical messages and actions of sympathetic nerves cause the release of key hormones. Liver releases extra sugar to boost energy. These changes are called the fight-or-flight reaction. In modern times, the fight-or-flight reaction is absurdly inappropriate . Highly individual and strongly related to emotions. Personality is the sum of cognitive, behavioural, and emotional tendencies. Ultracompetitive, controlling ,impatient, aggressive, hostile have a higher pierceived stress level and more prblems coping wit stress.

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