BIOL108 Lecture Notes - Lecture 12: Charophyta, Cell Membrane, Synapomorphy

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yellowoyster228

2 Oct 2016

School

University of Alberta

Department

Biology (Biological Sciences)

Course

BIOL108

Professor

Lien Luong

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BIOL108 Full Course Notes

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Plant kingdom: land dwelling (terrestrial)- some have returned to aquatic habitats (freshwater). All plants are multicellular, and they are all photosynthetic which means that they use the energy from the sun to make their food (glucose). They have a cell wall made up of cellulose. Main groups: non-vascular plants (mosses, seedless vascular plants, gymnosperms, angiosperms ( owering plants) Land plants originated about 475 mya, vascular plants originated about 425 mya, and the extant seen plants originated 305 mya. The move to life on land ( about 500 mya): bene ts are that it is specious, there is un ltered sunlight, higher levels of carbon dioxide in the air, rich source of mineral nutrients, and relatively few herbivores and pathogens. The challenges were that there is less water, and there is gravity that they have to resist. Charophytes and land plants have a common ancestor.

Related Questions

Which of the following was one of the earliest changes thatcontributed to the success of plants transitioning from aquatic toterrestrial ecosystems?
a. The ingestion of photosynthetic bacteria, enabling plants tophotosynthesize
b. The development of vessels to transport water
c. The development of roots to obtain nutrients and water fromsoil
d. Spores or zygotes encased in a tough coat to resist dryingout
e. The development of flowers to attractpollinator

Is it B or D? I would assume D is the seed of a gymnosperm.According to the info below, that came after the evolution ofvessels to transport water.

Please explain your answer

http://www.clas.ufl.edu/users/pciesiel/gly3150/plant.html

The oldest fossils reveal evolution of non-vascular plants bythe middle to late Ordovician Period (~450-440 m.y.a.) on the basisof fossil spores.
These first non-vascular, "amphibious" plants, were limitedprimarily to lowland, wet areas, of temperate to tropicallatitudes. Still most land areas were barren.
By some 420 m.y.a., seedless vascular plants evolved which werebigger and more diverse than their ancestors. These seedlessvascular plants required water for sperm to reach the eggs and werestill limited in their distribution to wet climates. These seedlessplants grew to tree size, reaching 10 or more meters by the lateDevonian (~370 m.y.a.). Lowland swampy environments had abundantseedless plants.
After the 1st land plants evolved (approximately 450 m.y.a.)they underwent rapid expansion and radiation with great forests byMiddle DevonianPeriod. (385 m.y.a.). Although these forests were limited in theirextent, vast quantities of organic material were deposited andpreserved in swampy environments. Through time and burial, thisorganic material was converted to coal, forming the firstsignificant coal deposits of Earth history.
At a similar time (late Devonian, ~375-360 m.y.a.), seedbearing gymnosperm plants (non-flowering) evolved. The developmentof the seed allowed plants to proliferate and spread to drier areasof continents. Gymnosperms became the dominant plant type between~290 to 145 m.y.a. and are still common today.
During the final days of the dinosaurs (Cretaceous), the finalchapter of plant evolution began. This was the evolution offlowering plants (angiosperms). During the Cretaceous Period,angiosperms began overcoming non-flowering plants as the dominantland plants. Since this time they have become the dominant landplants.

scarletgoldfish67

1. If given a biological question, demonstrate your ability to scientifically analyze the problem2. How does the scientific method work?3. How are clinical drug tests conducted?4. What is natural selection, how does it work, and how does it compare to artificial selection?5. How did the ideas of Lamarck differ from those of Darwin?6. What evidence is there for evolution?7. Give examples of homologous/vestigial structures and atavisms8. What is the importance of the Hardy Weinberg equilibrium and how may it be violated?9. What are the effects of different forms of natural selection?10. How does one construct and read a cladogram?11. How does speciation occur?12. What are different types of reproductive isolating mechanisms?13. What are the types of14. What are major events in the evolution of life and when did they occur?15. What is the basic structure of different types of prokaryotes?16. How does this structure prevent cell lysis?17. How does the arrangement of genetic material allow for rapid reproduction in prokaryotes; how do they maintain genetic diversity?18. What are the Archaea and where are they found?19. What is the theory of endosymbiosis? What is secondary endosymbiosis?20. What are characteristics of the major groups of Protista discussed in class?21. Why is the kingdom Protista not a valid kingdom?22. How does one tell a plant from algae?23. How does the moss life cycle differ from that of other plants?24. How are ferns better adapted to life on land than mosses? How are they still tied to the water?25. What are the major groups of seed and seedless plants discussed in class and how are they different?26. What is the basic plant life cycle?27. Where do plants make sperm and eggs?28. Who are the major groups of seed plants, do any have swimming sperm?29. What benefits do seed plants have over ferns in terms of life on land30. What benefits do flowering plants have over gymnosperms?31. In what ways are angiosperms affected by coevolution with pollinators and herbivores?32. Where are the gametophytes found in seed plants?33. How does sperm get to the egg in seed plants?34. How do wind and animal pollinated flowers differ?35. How do fungi obtain their nutrients?36. In what ways do fungi interact with their environment?37. How do mushroom producing fungi reproduce?38. How do fungi benefit and otherwise affect humans?39. What are traits shared by all animals?40. What are major distinguishing traits of the phyla discussed in biology 2 lecture?Which groups are bilateral etc.41. What groups have parasites or other disease causing organisms?42. Why are arthropods so successful?43. What are traits of Chordates?44. Describe the adaptations to life on land, how do they parallel those seen in plants?45. What makes us Human?46. How is a bird adapted for flight?47. How does available surface area influence fungi, plants and animals?48. What was the significance of van Helmont

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BIOL108 Lecture Notes - Lecture 12: Charophyta, Cell Membrane, Synapomorphy

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