BIOL 1051H Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Breathing, Intrapleural Pressure, Rib Cage
Respiratory and Urinary Systems
Major functions of respiration
●Gas exchange
●Communication
●Olfaction: sense of smell
●Acid-Base balance
●Blood and lymph flow
Pulmonary Ventilation
●Consists of a repetitive cycle inspiration and expiration
●Flow of air in and out of lung depends on a pressure difference between air within
lungs and outside body
●Respiratory muscles change lung volumes and create difference in pressure relative to
the atmosphere that controls air flow
Intrapleural pressure causes lungs to expand with expansion of the thoracic cage
●Intrapleural pressure: negative pressure that exists between the two pleural layers
○The small space between the parietal and visceral pleura is filled with watery
fluid, and so these layers stay together
○Recoil of lung tissue and tissues of thoracic cage causes lungs and chest wall to be
pulling in opposite directions
During the process of expiration, the alveolar pressure is this;
●Greater than the barometric pressure
Resistance Decreased Airflow
●Resistance influenced by
○Diameter of the bronchioles
■Bronchodilation: increase in diameter of a bronchus or bronchiole =
increase airflow
○Pulmonary Compliance
■Ease with which the lungs can expand
■Decrease by lung diseases in which the lungs are stiffened by scar tissue
■Compliance is limited by the surface tension of the water in alveoli
Spirometry- The Measurement of Pulmonary Ventilation
●Spirometer
○A device that recaptures expired breath and record such variables as rate and
depth of breathing, speed of expiration, and rate of oxygen consumption
●Spirometry
○The measurement of pulmonary function
○Aid in diagnosis and assessment of restrictive and obstructive lung disorders
Respiratory Volumes Measured By Spirometry
●Tidal Volume (TV)
○Volume of air inhaled and exhaled in one cycle of breathing (500mL)
●Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
○Air in excess of tidal volume that can be inhaled with maximum effort
●Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
○Air in excess of tidal volume that can be exhaled with maximum effort
●Residual Volume (RV)
○Air remaining in lungs after maximum expiration
●Vital Capacity (VC) (ERV +TV + IRV)
○Total amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal expiration
●Inspiratory Capacity (IC) (TV + IRV)
○Maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal expiration
●Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) ( RV + ERV)
○Amount of air remaining in lungs after a normal tidal expiration
●Total Lung Capacity (TLC) (RV + VC)
○Maximum amount of air that lungs can contain
Gas Exchange and Transport
●Dalton’s law- total atmospheric pressure is the sum of the contributions of the individual
gases
○Partial pressure: the separate contribution of each gas in a mixture
The partial pressure of oxygen is normally the greatest in this area
●Inspired air
Adjustment of the Metabolic Needs of Individual Tissues
●Factors that adjust the rate of oxygen unloading to match need;
○Ambient PO2
■Active tissues has PO2:02 is released from Hb
○Temperature
■Active tissue has temp; promotes o2 unloading
○Bohr Effect
Document Summary
Consists of a repetitive cycle inspiration and expiration. Flow of air in and out of lung depends on a pressure difference between air within. Respiratory muscles change lung volumes and create difference in pressure relative to lungs and outside body the atmosphere that controls air flow. Intrapleural pressure causes lungs to expand with expansion of the thoracic cage. Intrapleural pressure: negative pressure that exists between the two pleural layers. The small space between the parietal and visceral pleura is filled with watery fluid, and so these layers stay together. Recoil of lung tissue and tissues of thoracic cage causes lungs and chest wall to be pulling in opposite directions. During the process of expiration, the alveolar pressure is this; Bronchodilation: increase in diameter of a bronchus or bronchiole = increase airflow. Ease with which the lungs can expand. Decrease by lung diseases in which the lungs are stiffened by scar tissue.