CRIM 104 Lecture 1: CRIM 104 LECTURE 1
30 Apr 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
Social'relations:'the$way$that$individuals$and$groups$relate$ to$each$other$(governed$or$controlled$by$law$and$by$
the$criminal$justice$system)
•
Ex.$Black$lives$matter$(change$laws$or$police$matters)
○
Social'forces:'shape$our$political$system,$our$social$system,$our$laws$and$our$criminal$justice$system
•
Social'conduct:'how$we$behave$or$conduct$ourselves$in$our$social$relations
•
WHAT$IS$SOCIOLOGY?
Social'conventions:'norms$or$expectations$($what$people$expect$we$will$do.$Some$are$informal,$some$formal)
•
Informal$(rejection,$shunning,$exclusion)
○
Formal$(laws,$courts,$police,$prison$systems)
○
Social'constraints:'can$be$formal$or$informal
•
Ex.$Criminal$justice$system
○
Social'institutions:'largely$modern$creations,$designed$to$constrain$those$who$do$not$follow$social$convention
•
AN$EXPANDED$DEFINITION
Sociology$involves$a$respect$for$logical$clarity$in$the$formulation$of$theories$and$also$involves$"disciplined$empirical$
investigation"
•
Making$observation/propositions,$drawing$hypothesis,$testing$them
•
IS$SOCIOLOGY$REALLY$A$SCIENCE?
Science:'the$use$of$logical,$systematic$methods$to$produce$a$body$of$knowledge
•
Empiricism: factual$investigation$and$observation
•
Theory:'explains$why$things$happen;$help$us$make$sense$out$of$the$facts,$through$construction$of$abstract$
interpretations$of$empirical$situation
•
SCIENCE,$EMPIRICISM$&$THEORY
Humans$have$a$degree$of$free$will,$doesn’t$want$to$be$studied$
!
Is$different$than$studying$atoms,$minerals,$chemicals,$or$plant$life
○
Studying$human$and$social$behaviour
•
Or$may$consciously$alter$their$behaviour$when$being$studied$or$observed
○
Humans$may$be$uncooperative$
•
Can$be$quite$complex,$so$clearZcut$causeZeffect$relationships$may$be$difficult$to$pin$down
○
Human$behaviour•
THE$PROBLEMS$WITH$SOCIAL$"SCIENCE"
Impossible$to$completely$neutral•
THEY$MYTH$OF$VALUE$NEUTRALITY
Sociology$and$criminology$are$highly$interrelated•
Many$of$the$ideas$in$criminology$came$from$the$field$of$sociology•
Until$recently,$criminology$was$a$subZdiscipline$of$sociology,$and$was$usually$subsumed$under$the$sociology$
department
•
SOCIOLGOY$AND$CRIMINOLOGY
Same$approaches,$etc
○
Roots$of$sociology$are$much$the$same$as$the$roots$of$criminology•
Both$disciplines$are$quite$new,$and$have$their$origins$in$The$Enlightment•
THE$"ROOTS"$OF$SOCIOLOGY$AND$CRIMINOLOGY
When$people$start$to$think$and$challenge
○
Also$known$as$The$Age$of$Reason•
Period$from$1689$to$1789$(began$with$English$Revolution,$ended$with$French$Revolution)•
Intellectual$movement$involving$philosophers,$political$reformers,$social$theorists,$and$religious$skeptics•
New$focus$on$critical$examination$of$human$life,$religious$beliefs,$and$society•
Greater$emphasis$on$reason$and$science,$rationality$and$empiricism•
Time$of$Newton's$discovery$of$gravity,$Rousseau's$book$The$Social$Contract•
THE$ENLIGHTMENT
Regarded$as$the$founder$of$the$sociology$of$knowledge•
Studied$social$facts$(whats$going$on,$what$we$can$measure),$social$institutions$(what$can$evolve)$,$different$types$
of$societies$throughout$history
•
Examined$how$different$types$of$social$organization,$social$class$positions$and$social$conditions$affect$forms$of$
thought$and$cultural$perspectives
•
DE$MONTESQUIEU$(1689Z1755)
Widely$regarded$as$one$of$the$founders$of$sociology•
Impressed$by$Newton's$law$of$gravity$and$with$the$scientific$method$in$general$––"the$power$of$reason"•
Introduced$the$concept$of$"positivism"$–– the$application$of$scientific$principles$to$the$study$of$human$
phenomenon
•
Called$for$a$"human$science",$that$would$discover$the$laws$of$social$development•
SAINTZSIMON$(1760Z1825)
School$of$thought$that$emerged$from$The$Enlightment,$or$Age$of$Reason•
Not$really$a$"school$of$criminology";$group$of$philosophers$who$tried$to$reform$way$deviants$or$criminals$were$
treated
•
THE$CLASSICAL$SCHOOL$OF$CRIMINOLOGY
How$the$criminal$injustice$system$worked•
Presumption$of$guilt,$unless$proven$innocent•
Confession$of$guilt,$or$proof$of$innocence,$through$inquisition,$ideally$through$torture•
Death$penalty$for$most$crimes•
Physical$torture$for$the$few$crimes$that$didn’t$result$in$the$death$penalty•
BEFORE$THE$CLASSICAL$SCHOOL
Hang$first$(semiZconscious),$dismember$you$(pull$out$your$intestines),$then$burn•
THE$DEATH$PENALTY
TIME$LINES
DEMONIC'(1400B1700) CLASSICAL'(1700B1800)
Deviance$as$evil•Deviance$as$violation$of$social$contract•
Caused$by$temptation$and$moral$weakness•Caused$by$free$will$and$hedonism•
Remedied$through$exorcism$and/or$execution•Remedied$by$deterrence•
Confession$may$have$nothing$to$do$with$innocence$or$guilt
○
Torture$was$unfair•
If$innocent,$you$get$tortured$anyway;$if$guilty,$you$get$tortured$too,$usually$twice•
If$guilty,$but$don't$confess,$you$get$same$punishment$as$innocent•
People$gave$up$certain$rights$when$they$joined$society,$but$never$agreed$that$the$state$should$be$able$to$kill$
them
○
The$death$penalty•
Pulls$out$the$presumption$of$innocence$until$proven$guilty•
Specific$criminal$codes$•
Ex.$Don’t$need$to$punish$when$someone$steals$a$slice$of$bread
○
Limitations$on$severity$of$punishment•
Duration$of$punishment$is$more$effective$than$death$penalty$or$torture•
People$know$what$is$against$the$law,$what$happens$to$people$who$break$the$law
○
To$be$an$effective$deterrent,$punishment$must$be$public•
CESARE$BECCARIA$(1738Z1794)
1765$essay$On$Crimes$and$Punishments$published$anonymously,$for$fear$of$persecution•
Remained$on$Catholic$Church's$proscribed$list$of$readings$until$1960s•
Beccaria's$recommendations$repeated$wordZforZword$in$the$1791$French$Declaration$of$Independence•
Also$formed$part$of$1787$Constitution$of$United$States,$and$part$of$English$Reform$Act$of$1832•
HOW$TO$WIN$FRIENDS$AND$INFLUENCE$PEOPLE
Wrote$Principles$of$Morals$and$Legislation$in$1789•
Argued$that$people$were$rational,$and$exercised$"free$will"•
Rational$people$would$weigh$pleasure$against$pain$(hedonistic$calculus)•
JEREMY$BENTHAM$(1748Z1832)
Intensity•
Duration•
Certainty/uncertainty•
Closeness/remoteness•
Fecundity$•
Purity•
BENTHAM'S$MEASURES$OF$PAIN$AND$PLEASURE
Idea$of$how$a$prison$could$be$set$up•
One$watch$tower/observer$that$can$watch$the$cells•
BENTHAM'S$PANOPTICON
Classical$School$focused$on$law$making$and$legal$ process•
Hedonism$(popular$explanation$for$human$behaviour)$–– people$would$try$to$maximize$pleasure,$minimize$pain•
Only$justification$for$punishing$rational,$freeZwilled$people$was$deterrence•
People$would$make$rational$choices$if$aware$of$consequences$of$committing$crime•
SENTENCING$AND$DETERRENCE
Speed$which$you$are$likely$to$be$punished
○
Celerity•
Certainty•
Severity$•
DETERRENCE
Criminal$codes•
Modern$police$forces•
Modern$prisons•
Crime$statistics•
Due$process•
EFFECTS$OF$THE$CLASSICAL$SCHOOL
Proscribed$Zsomething$youre$not$suppose$to$do
LECTURE'1
Monday,$January$8,$2018
10:57$PM
Social'relations:'the$way$that$individuals$and$groups$relate$to$each$other$(governed$or$controlled$by$law$and$by$
the$criminal$justice$system)
•
Ex.$Black$lives$matter$(change$laws$or$police$matters)
○
Social'forces:'shape$our$political$system,$our$social$system,$our$laws$and$our$criminal$justice$system
•
Social'conduct:'how$we$behave$or$conduct$ourselves$in$our$social$relations•
WHAT$IS$SOCIOLOGY?
Social'conventions:'norms$or$expectations$($what$people$expect$we$will$do.$Some$are$informal,$some$formal)
•
Informal$(rejection,$shunning,$exclusion)
○
Formal$(laws,$courts,$police,$prison$systems)
○
Social'constraints:'can$be$formal$or$informal•
Ex.$Criminal$justice$system
○
Social'institutions:'largely$modern$creations,$designed$to$constrain$those$who$do$not$follow$social$convention
•
AN$EXPANDED$DEFINITION
Sociology$involves$a$respect$for$logical$clarity$in$the$formulation$of$theories$and$also$involves$"disciplined$empirical$
investigation"
•
Making$observation/propositions,$drawing$hypothesis,$testing$them•
IS$SOCIOLOGY$REALLY$A$SCIENCE?
Science:'the$use$of$logical,$systematic$methods$to$produce$a$body$of$knowledge
•
Empiricism: factual$investigation$and$observation•
Theory:'explains$why$things$happen;$help$us$make$sense$out$of$the$facts,$through$construction$of$abstract$
interpretations$of$empirical$situation
•
SCIENCE,$EMPIRICISM$&$THEORY
Humans$have$a$degree$of$free$will,$doesn’t$want$to$be$studied$
!
Is$different$than$studying$atoms,$minerals,$chemicals,$or$plant$life
○
Studying$human$and$social$behaviour•
Or$may$consciously$alter$their$behaviour$when$being$studied$or$observed
○
Humans$may$be$uncooperative$•
Can$be$quite$complex,$so$clearZcut$causeZeffect$relationships$may$be$difficult$to$pin$down
○
Human$behaviour•
THE$PROBLEMS$WITH$SOCIAL$"SCIENCE"
Impossible$to$completely$neutral•
THEY$MYTH$OF$VALUE$NEUTRALITY
Sociology$and$criminology$are$highly$interrelated•
Many$of$the$ideas$in$criminology$came$from$the$field$of$sociology•
Until$recently,$criminology$was$a$subZdiscipline$of$sociology,$and$was$usually$subsumed$under$the$sociology$
department
•
SOCIOLGOY$AND$CRIMINOLOGY
Same$approaches,$etc
○
Roots$of$sociology$are$much$the$same$as$the$roots$of$criminology•
Both$disciplines$are$quite$new,$and$have$their$origins$in$The$Enlightment•
THE$"ROOTS"$OF$SOCIOLOGY$AND$CRIMINOLOGY
When$people$start$to$think$and$challenge
○
Also$known$as$The$Age$of$Reason•
Period$from$1689$to$1789$(began$with$English$Revolution,$ended$with$French$Revolution)•
Intellectual$movement$involving$philosophers,$political$reformers,$social$theorists,$and$religious$skeptics•
New$focus$on$critical$examination$of$human$life,$religious$beliefs,$and$society•
Greater$emphasis$on$reason$and$science,$rationality$and$empiricism•
Time$of$Newton's$discovery$of$gravity,$Rousseau's$book$The$Social$Contract•
THE$ENLIGHTMENT
Regarded$as$the$founder$of$the$sociology$of$knowledge•
Studied$social$facts$(whats$going$on,$what$we$can$measure),$social$institutions$(what$can$evolve)$,$different$types$
of$societies$throughout$history
•
Examined$how$different$types$of$social$organization,$social$class$positions$and$social$conditions$affect$forms$of$
thought$and$cultural$perspectives
•
DE$MONTESQUIEU$(1689Z1755)
Widely$regarded$as$one$of$the$founders$of$sociology•
Impressed$by$Newton's$law$of$gravity$and$with$the$scientific$method$in$general$––"the$power$of$reason"•
Introduced$the$concept$of$"positivism"$–– the$application$of$scientific$principles$to$the$study$of$human$
phenomenon
•
Called$for$a$"human$science",$that$would$discover$the$laws$of$social$development•
SAINTZSIMON$(1760Z1825)
School$of$thought$that$emerged$from$The$Enlightment,$or$Age$of$Reason•
Not$really$a$"school$of$criminology";$group$of$philosophers$who$tried$to$reform$way$deviants$or$criminals$were$
treated
•
THE$CLASSICAL$SCHOOL$OF$CRIMINOLOGY
How$the$criminal$injustice$system$worked•
Presumption$of$guilt,$unless$proven$innocent•
Confession$of$guilt,$or$proof$of$innocence,$through$inquisition,$ideally$through$torture•
Death$penalty$for$most$crimes•
Physical$torture$for$the$few$crimes$that$didn’t$result$in$the$death$penalty•
BEFORE$THE$CLASSICAL$SCHOOL
Hang$first$(semiZconscious),$dismember$you$(pull$out$your$intestines),$then$burn•
THE$DEATH$PENALTY
TIME$LINES
DEMONIC'(1400B1700) CLASSICAL'(1700B1800)
Deviance$as$evil•Deviance$as$violation$of$social$contract•
Caused$by$temptation$and$moral$weakness•Caused$by$free$will$and$hedonism•
Remedied$through$exorcism$and/or$execution•Remedied$by$deterrence•
Confession$may$have$nothing$to$do$with$innocence$or$guilt
○
Torture$was$unfair•
If$innocent,$you$get$tortured$anyway;$if$guilty,$you$get$tortured$too,$usually$twice•
If$guilty,$but$don't$confess,$you$get$same$punishment$as$innocent•
People$gave$up$certain$rights$when$they$joined$society,$but$never$agreed$that$the$state$should$be$able$to$kill$
them
○
The$death$penalty•
Pulls$out$the$presumption$of$innocence$until$proven$guilty•
Specific$criminal$codes$•
Ex.$Don’t$need$to$punish$when$someone$steals$a$slice$of$bread
○
Limitations$on$severity$of$punishment•
Duration$of$punishment$is$more$effective$than$death$penalty$or$torture•
People$know$what$is$against$the$law,$what$happens$to$people$who$break$the$law
○
To$be$an$effective$deterrent,$punishment$must$be$public•
CESARE$BECCARIA$(1738Z1794)
1765$essay$On$Crimes$and$Punishments$published$anonymously,$for$fear$of$persecution•
Remained$on$Catholic$Church's$proscribed$list$of$readings$until$1960s•
Beccaria's$recommendations$repeated$wordZforZword$in$the$1791$French$Declaration$of$Independence•
Also$formed$part$of$1787$Constitution$of$United$States,$and$part$of$English$Reform$Act$of$1832•
HOW$TO$WIN$FRIENDS$AND$INFLUENCE$PEOPLE
Wrote$Principles$of$Morals$and$Legislation$in$1789•
Argued$that$people$were$rational,$and$exercised$"free$will"•
Rational$people$would$weigh$pleasure$against$pain$(hedonistic$calculus)•
JEREMY$BENTHAM$(1748Z1832)
Intensity•
Duration•
Certainty/uncertainty•
Closeness/remoteness•
Fecundity$•
Purity•
BENTHAM'S$MEASURES$OF$PAIN$AND$PLEASURE
Idea$of$how$a$prison$could$be$set$up•
One$watch$tower/observer$that$can$watch$the$cells•
BENTHAM'S$PANOPTICON
Classical$School$focused$on$law$making$and$legal$ process•
Hedonism$(popular$explanation$for$human$behaviour)$–– people$would$try$to$maximize$pleasure,$minimize$pain•
Only$justification$for$punishing$rational,$freeZwilled$people$was$deterrence•
People$would$make$rational$choices$if$aware$of$consequences$of$committing$crime•
SENTENCING$AND$DETERRENCE
Speed$which$you$are$likely$to$be$punished
○
Celerity•
Certainty•
Severity$•
DETERRENCE
Criminal$codes•
Modern$police$forces•
Modern$prisons•
Crime$statistics•
Due$process•
EFFECTS$OF$THE$CLASSICAL$SCHOOL
Proscribed$Zsomething$youre$not$suppose$to$do
LECTURE'1
Monday,$January$8,$2018 10:57$PM
Social'relations:'the$way$that$individuals$and$groups$relate$to$each$other$(governed$or$controlled$by$law$and$by$
the$criminal$justice$system)
•
Ex.$Black$lives$matter$(change$laws$or$police$matters)
○
Social'forces:'shape$our$political$system,$our$social$system,$our$laws$and$our$criminal$justice$system•
Social'conduct:'how$we$behave$or$conduct$ourselves$in$our$social$relations•
WHAT$IS$SOCIOLOGY?
Social'conventions:'norms$or$expectations$($what$people$expect$we$will$do.$Some$are$informal,$some$formal)•
Informal$(rejection,$shunning,$exclusion)
○
Formal$(laws,$courts,$police,$prison$systems)
○
Social'constraints:'can$be$formal$or$informal•
Ex.$Criminal$justice$system
○
Social'institutions:'largely$modern$creations,$designed$to$constrain$those$who$do$not$follow$social$convention•
AN$EXPANDED$DEFINITION
Sociology$involves$a$respect$for$logical$clarity$in$the$formulation$of$theories$and$also$involves$"disciplined$empirical$
investigation"
•
Making$observation/propositions,$drawing$hypothesis,$testing$them•
IS$SOCIOLOGY$REALLY$A$SCIENCE?
Science:'the$use$of$logical,$systematic$methods$to$produce$a$body$of$knowledge•
Empiricism: factual$investigation$and$observation•
Theory:'explains$why$things$happen;$help$us$make$sense$out$of$the$facts,$through$construction$of$abstract$
interpretations$of$empirical$situation
•
SCIENCE,$EMPIRICISM$&$THEORY
Humans$have$a$degree$of$free$will,$doesn’t$want$to$be$studied$
!
Is$different$than$studying$atoms,$minerals,$chemicals,$or$plant$life
○
Studying$human$and$social$behaviour•
Or$may$consciously$alter$their$behaviour$when$being$studied$or$observed
○
Humans$may$be$uncooperative$•
Can$be$quite$complex,$so$clearZcut$causeZeffect$relationships$may$be$difficult$to$pin$down
○
Human$behaviour
•
THE$PROBLEMS$WITH$SOCIAL$"SCIENCE"
Impossible$to$completely$neutral
•
THEY$MYTH$OF$VALUE$NEUTRALITY
Sociology$and$criminology$are$highly$interrelated
•
Many$of$the$ideas$in$criminology$came$from$the$field$of$sociology
•
Until$recently,$criminology$was$a$subZdiscipline$of$sociology,$and$was$usually$subsumed$under$the$sociology$
department
•
SOCIOLGOY$AND$CRIMINOLOGY
Same$approaches,$etc
○
Roots$of$sociology$are$much$the$same$as$the$roots$of$criminology
•
Both$disciplines$are$quite$new,$and$have$their$origins$in$The$Enlightment
•
THE$"ROOTS"$OF$SOCIOLOGY$AND$CRIMINOLOGY
When$people$start$to$think$and$challenge
○
Also$known$as$The$Age$of$Reason
•
Period$from$1689$to$1789$(began$with$English$Revolution,$ended$with$French$Revolution)
•
Intellectual$movement$involving$philosophers,$political$reformers,$social$theorists,$and$religious$skeptics
•
New$focus$on$critical$examination$of$human$life,$religious$beliefs,$and$society
•
Greater$emphasis$on$reason$and$science,$rationality$and$empiricism
•
Time$of$Newton's$discovery$of$gravity,$Rousseau's$book$The$Social$Contract
•
THE$ENLIGHTMENT
Regarded$as$the$founder$of$the$sociology$of$knowledge
•
Studied$social$facts$(whats$going$on,$what$we$can$measure),$social$institutions$(what$can$evolve)$,$different$types$
of$societies$throughout$history
•
Examined$how$different$types$of$social$organization,$social$class$positions$and$social$conditions$affect$forms$of$
thought$and$cultural$perspectives
•
DE$MONTESQUIEU$(1689Z1755)
Widely$regarded$as$one$of$the$founders$of$sociology
•
Impressed$by$Newton's$law$of$gravity$and$with$the$scientific$method$in$general$––"the$power$of$reason"
•
Introduced$the$concept$of$"positivism"$–– the$application$of$scientific$principles$to$the$study$of$human$
phenomenon
•
Called$for$a$"human$science",$that$would$discover$the$laws$of$social$development
•
SAINTZSIMON$(1760Z1825)
School$of$thought$that$emerged$from$The$Enlightment,$or$Age$of$Reason•
Not$really$a$"school$of$criminology";$group$of$philosophers$who$tried$to$reform$way$deviants$or$criminals$were$
treated
•
THE$CLASSICAL$SCHOOL$OF$CRIMINOLOGY
How$the$criminal$injustice$system$worked•
Presumption$of$guilt,$unless$proven$innocent•
Confession$of$guilt,$or$proof$of$innocence,$through$inquisition,$ideally$through$torture•
Death$penalty$for$most$crimes•
Physical$torture$for$the$few$crimes$that$didn’t$result$in$the$death$penalty•
BEFORE$THE$CLASSICAL$SCHOOL
Hang$first$(semiZconscious),$dismember$you$(pull$out$your$intestines),$then$burn•
THE$DEATH$PENALTY
TIME$LINES
DEMONIC'(1400B1700) CLASSICAL'(1700B1800)
Deviance$as$evil•Deviance$as$violation$of$social$contract•
Caused$by$temptation$and$moral$weakness•Caused$by$free$will$and$hedonism•
Remedied$through$exorcism$and/or$execution•Remedied$by$deterrence•
Confession$may$have$nothing$to$do$with$innocence$or$guilt
○
Torture$was$unfair•
If$innocent,$you$get$tortured$anyway;$if$guilty,$you$get$tortured$too,$usually$twice•
If$guilty,$but$don't$confess,$you$get$same$punishment$as$innocent•
People$gave$up$certain$rights$when$they$joined$society,$but$never$agreed$that$the$state$should$be$able$to$kill$
them
○
The$death$penalty•
Pulls$out$the$presumption$of$innocence$until$proven$guilty•
Specific$criminal$codes$•
Ex.$Don’t$need$to$punish$when$someone$steals$a$slice$of$bread
○
Limitations$on$severity$of$punishment•
Duration$of$punishment$is$more$effective$than$death$penalty$or$torture•
People$know$what$is$against$the$law,$what$happens$to$people$who$break$the$law
○
To$be$an$effective$deterrent,$punishment$must$be$public•
CESARE$BECCARIA$(1738Z1794)
1765$essay$On$Crimes$and$Punishments$published$anonymously,$for$fear$of$persecution•
Remained$on$Catholic$Church's$proscribed$list$of$readings$until$1960s•
Beccaria's$recommendations$repeated$wordZforZword$in$the$1791$French$Declaration$of$Independence•
Also$formed$part$of$1787$Constitution$of$United$States,$and$part$of$English$Reform$Act$of$1832•
HOW$TO$WIN$FRIENDS$AND$INFLUENCE$PEOPLE
Wrote$Principles$of$Morals$and$Legislation$in$1789•
Argued$that$people$were$rational,$and$exercised$"free$will"•
Rational$people$would$weigh$pleasure$against$pain$(hedonistic$calculus)•
JEREMY$BENTHAM$(1748Z1832)
Intensity•
Duration•
Certainty/uncertainty•
Closeness/remoteness•
Fecundity$•
Purity•
BENTHAM'S$MEASURES$OF$PAIN$AND$PLEASURE
Idea$of$how$a$prison$could$be$set$up•
One$watch$tower/observer$that$can$watch$the$cells•
BENTHAM'S$PANOPTICON
Classical$School$focused$on$law$making$and$legal$ process•
Hedonism$(popular$explanation$for$human$behaviour)$–– people$would$try$to$maximize$pleasure,$minimize$pain•
Only$justification$for$punishing$rational,$freeZwilled$people$was$deterrence•
People$would$make$rational$choices$if$aware$of$consequences$of$committing$crime•
SENTENCING$AND$DETERRENCE
Speed$which$you$are$likely$to$be$punished
○
Celerity•
Certainty•
Severity$•
DETERRENCE
Criminal$codes•
Modern$police$forces•
Modern$prisons•
Crime$statistics•
Due$process•
EFFECTS$OF$THE$CLASSICAL$SCHOOL
Proscribed$Zsomething$youre$not$suppose$to$do
LECTURE'1
Monday,$January$8,$2018 10:57$PM
