PSYC 1200 Lecture Notes - Lecture 10: Cognitive Revolution, Operant Conditioning, Behaviorism
19 Jun 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
Memory
Misconceptions
More of a reconstruction than a video, seen from only your perspective,
unlike a flashback in a movie
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What is Memory?
Remembering…
Stuff for school
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Memories of your life (good/bad)
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To do things in the future
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Where you parked, what bus to take
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Class schedule
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How to do physical actions
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What your password(s) is/are
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Language, what words mean, how to say them, when to use them
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Remembering is a part of our every moment
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Most often noticed when it fails us
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History of Memory
Believed that Psychology should be the study of observable behaviour, not
the mind (Behaviourism)
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Associated with the term "learning"
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Classical and Operant Conditioning both depend on memory -->
associations
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Cognitive revolution: thought is a valid subject for study
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Cognitive psychologists adopted the methodological rigor of the
behaviourists
Verbal learning
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Stimuli: digits, words, nonsense syllables, etc.
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Used a computer metaphor: hardware (brain) vs. software (thought
processes)
Influenced how we conceptualized memory
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•
Two main dependent measures: reaction time and accuracy
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Information Processing Model
First we need to start with the original framework that started and guided
much of the research in memory
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The Information Processing Model or Modal Model•
Also known as the Atkinson and Shiffrin's (1968) Modal Model of Memory•
The modal model assumes multiple memory structures:
Information from the external environment is perceived and then
very briefly stored in sensory memory
More related to perception
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When we pay attention to information then that…
§
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Information is passed to a limited-capacity, short term memory store
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Finally, information can be encoded in the (seemingly) unlimited
long-term store, more or less permanently
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Sensory memory
An image is stored in Sensory Memory for a very brief period of time (less
than a second)
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Sensory memory: refers to a very brief memory system that holds literal
information for a fraction of a second to allow cognitive processing
Iconic Memory
Shorter, less than a minute
§
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Echoic Memory
Longer
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The perceptual system stores the most recently acquired static image just
long enough to integrate it with the next, in order to create apparent
motion
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Works like animation •
Short term Memory
The temporary storage of small amounts of material for a short amount of
time
While initially thought to be primarily verbal in nature, STM can hold
material from almost any modality, including from the visual-spatial
domains
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It is thought that rehearsal is often used to maintain items in the
short-term store
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Working Memory
A mental workspace, linked to attention, which provides a basis for
thought
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What is STM/Working Memory?
The current contents of working memory are thought to be that which we
are consciously aware of at any given point
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Features of STM
Researchers wanted to know the capacity of STM
How much information it could hold
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And the duration of the memory trace
How long it will stay in STM
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Researchers wanted to know the capacity
Usually 5-9 items
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Doesn’t seem like much•
Chunking: the process of combining a number of items into a single chunk
typically on the basis of long-term memory. Based on meaning.
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How long will it stay in your memory?
15-18 seconds, most being around 30•
Brief, immediate memory for material we are currently processing•
Short duration: 18 seconds if not rehearsed •
The Peterson's asked people to remember 3 letters, and then distracted
them with something else, then asked them to repeat back those three
letters, the average person remembered for about 9 seconds
•
Lecture 10/26
October 26, 2017
8:39 AM
Document Summary
More of a reconstruction than a video, seen from only your perspective, unlike a flashback in a movie. Language, what words mean, how to say them, when to use them. Remembering is a part of our every moment. Believed that psychology should be the study of observable behaviour, not the mind (behaviourism) Classical and operant conditioning both depend on memory --> associations. Cognitive revolution: thought is a valid subject for study. Cognitive psychologists adopted the methodological rigor of the behaviourists. Used a computer metaphor: hardware (brain) vs. software (thought processes) Two main dependent measures: reaction time and accuracy. First we need to start with the original framework that started and guided much of the research in memory. Also known as the atkinson and shiffrin"s (1968) modal model of memory. Information from the external environment is perceived and then very briefly stored in sensory memory. When we pay attention to information then that .
