PSY 102 Lecture 8: Lecture 8
30 Apr 2018
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March 29, 2018 PSY102 – Lecture 8
1
MEMORY
Outline
• Encoding
• Storage
o Multiple memory systems
• Retrieval and Forgetting
Memory
• The retention of information over time
• Memory is the process by which we observe, store, and recall information
o Memories may be visual, auditory, or tactile
• Memory processes may involve multiple systems
o Conscious
o Automatic
Three Processes of Memory
• Encoding is getting information into memory
• Storage is keeping information in memory
• Retrieval is the reactivation or reconstruction of information from memory
ENCODING
• To encode it, we must first attend to it – must have focused attention
• Most events we experience are never encoded in the first place
• Attention is key!!
Rehearsal
• Rehearsal, repeating information, improves encoding. Two types:
• Maintenance rehearsal (memorizing)
o simply repeating the stimuli in the same form
• Elaborative rehearsal
o Various ways; linking stimuli to each other in a meaningful way
Levels of Processing
• Shallow Processing – Visual – basically – Structural Encoding (capital letters, what
color, etc…)
• Intermediate Processing – Phonemic Encoding (Sounds: rhyming, homonyms, etc…) –
learn new language
• Deep Processing – Semantic Encoding (meaning or symbolism)
March 29, 2018 PSY102 – Lecture 8
2
Visual Imagery
• When you imagine some image or event related to a term or concept to encode the
information both phonemically (auditory) and visually.
• Example: baby and a baby’s picture
Verbal Mnemonics
• Mnemonics are learning aid that enhances recall
o Verbal
o Visual
o SQ3R
• Rhymes, Acrostics & Acronyms
o Beautiful Elephants Don’t Make Any Sandwiches (BEDMAS)
o Every Good Boy Deserves Fudge (music)
• Acrostics: First word of every paragraph
• While applicable to almost anything, they depend on something you already know
Visual Mnemonics
• Link Method
• Method of Loci (place imagery)
• Keyword method (language learning, reminder words)
o Jugo
SQ3R
• survey, question, read, recite, and review
Self-Reference Effect
(Rogers et al., 1977)
• Participants rated
adjectives on four
tasks designed to
force varying kinds
of encoding:
structural, phonemic,
semantic, and self-
reference
• Participants were
then asked to recall as many words as they could
• Recall of the rated words indicated that adjectives rated under the self-reference task
were recalled the best
• A tendency to encode information differently depending on the level on which the self is
implicated in the information
• When you relate information to yourself, you remember more!
Document Summary
Outline: encoding, storage, multiple memory systems, retrieval and forgetting. Memory: the retention of information over time, memory is the process by which we observe, store, and recall information, memories may be visual, auditory, or tactile, memory processes may involve multiple systems, conscious, automatic. Three processes of memory: encoding is getting information into memory, storage is keeping information in memory, retrieval is the reactivation or reconstruction of information from memory. Encoding: to encode it, we must first attend to it must have focused attention, most events we experience are never encoded in the first place, attention is key! Two types: maintenance rehearsal (memorizing, simply repeating the stimuli in the same form, elaborative rehearsal, various ways; linking stimuli to each other in a meaningful way. Levels of processing: shallow processing visual basically structural encoding (capital letters, what color, etc ) Intermediate processing phonemic encoding (sounds: rhyming, homonyms, etc ) learn new language: deep processing semantic encoding (meaning or symbolism)
