ENH 122 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Cumulative Incidence, Shigellosis, Prevalence

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25 Jan 2018

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Measures of disease occurrence: evaluate association between exposure & outcome, cases can be incident or prevalent. Measures of association (we want to be able to count and to analyze different types of exposures(certain infectious disease, in the environment, certain behaviour: determine what would happen to outcome if the exposure were removed. Measures of potential impact (determine the outcome like death, disability etc. ) It cannot be compared with numbers from other populations because their populations may be much bigger or smaller. infected, alive to dead change their status. Rates: division of two numbers, time is included in denominator. But usually expressed as a : assumes that the individual: May be expressed in any power of 10. Measures the frequency with which an event occurs in a de ned population: always non- negative but no upper limit, estimated by observing events among a population during a speci ed time. Doesn(cid:495)t have the disease at start of follow- up period.

Related Questions

QUESTION 1 1. The relative importance or burden of a disease within a population will depend on a number of factors including : A. Disease frequency B. Disease severity C. Disease consequences D. All of the above

QUESTION 2 1 . With the epidemiologic transition, there is a reduction in malnutrition and _____ . A. Communicable diseases B. Injuries C. Non-communicable chronic diseases D. Mental health disorders

QUESTION 3 1. A major challenge to developing a burden of disease profile in low and middle-income countries relates to A. Unwillingness to share complete information B. Conflicting disease definitions C. Challenges obtaining information related to cause of death D. All of the above

QUESTION 4 1. The demographic transition describes which of the following changes to society A. Changes in birth and death rates that reflect a modern society B. Declines in mortality followed by a reduction in fertility C. A change in the age structure of the population D. All of the above

QUESTION 5 1. Measures of health status that combine mortality and morbidity data A. Facilitate comparisons both within and across populations B. Help estimate the quantitative health benefits from interventions C. Serve as tools to assist with resource allocation D. All of the above

QUESTION 6 1. The disability-adjusted life year is defined as A. A health gap population summary measure that combines time lost due to disability with that lost due to death B. A measure to compare the gap between the current situation to that of an ideal situation C. A measure that combines the amount of healthy life lost due to morbidity with that lost due to injury. D. Answers B and C

QUESTION 7 1. True or false? A key limitation to mortality-based indicators is that they fail to account for the morbidity caused by disease. True False

QUESTION 8 1. The most widely used composite measure of population health is the DALY, and this epidemiological measure is the sum of morbidity and ________data. A. Years of life lost (YLL) B. Morbidity C. Infant mortality rates (IMR) D. none of the above

QUESTION 9 1. What would be the best source of information on adult and infant mortality (in high income countries)? A. Disease registers B. Vital statistics C. Special survey study D. Hospital clinic statistics

QUESTION 10 1. Which term is best used to describe the proportion of people in a population who have a defined disease at a specific point of time? A. DALY B. Incidence C. Mortality rate D. Prevalence

QUESTION 11 1. Which term is best used to describe new cases of disease occurring in a population? A. DALY B. Incidence C. Mortality rate D. Prevalence

QUESTION 12 1. Which term is used to describe the absence or presence of illness or disease? A. Demography B. Morbidity C. Mortality D. Vitality

QUESTION 13 1. Mortality (death indicators) include: A. Mortality rate B. Infant mortality rate C. Neonatal morality rate D. All of the above

QUESTION 14 1. True or false? The value of life is often implicit in the way resource allocation decisions are made, which suggests that these decisions should be as explicit, open, and transparent as possible. True False

QUESTION 15 1. _________________is projected as the number one leading cause of disease burden in 2030. A. Ischemic heart disease B. Diabetes mellitus C. HIV/AIDS D. Unipolar depression

QUESTION 16 1. Some of the negative aspects of globalization include A. Greater insecurity of employment B. Poorer housing and sanitation due to rapid urbanization C. Greater vulnerability to environmental degradation D. All of the above

QUESTION 17 1. Current concerns about climate change focus on several developments including A. Rising global average land and sea surface temperature B. Increasing frequency of extreme weather conditions C. Both A and B D. None of the above

QUESTION 18 1. True or false? Diseases carried by mosquitoes are especially sensitive to meteorological conditions because they are vulnerable to changes in the ambient temperature. As a result of changing temperatures, infectious diseases such as malaria and dengue have decreased in incidence and geographic range. True False

QUESTION 19 1. True or false? International cooperation of infectious disease control has a long history that includes obligatory reporting of outbreaks of specific diseases. However, compliance with obligatory reporting has been poor due to economic consequences that have often accompanied notification of disease outbreaks. True False

QUESTION 20 1. True or false? Globalization is a relatively new phenomenon that began in the mid-20th century. True False

1. Biological specimens such as urine, stool and saliva samples can be useful for identifying all of the following, except

A risk factors for disease

B characteristics associated with having the disease

C blood pressure

D presence of disease

2. Abstracts provide a glimpse into the content of an article?

A true

B false

3. Acquisition of evidence for improving clinical and public health practices and policies is an example of a societal benefit of health research?

A true

B false

4. Population health research objectives may include:

A identifying and classifying new health problems

B determining risk factors

C evaluating the impact of health policies on health outcomes

D al of the above

5. All of the following are examples of tests of physiological function, except:

A spirometry

B electrocardiography

C audiometry

D all of the above

6. Which is not an example of population based research?

A compare rates of acure lung disease in several metropolitan areas and see whether the rates of disease are correlated with local air quality

B determine whether survival following breast cancer diagnosis is linked to the presencw of certain genes

C conduct a vaccine trial

D analyze biochemical composition of selected foods

7. Health researchers examine all of the following factors that contribute to health and to disease illness disability and death except:

8. ____ is physiological measurements that can be accurately taken after minimal instruction.

A anthropometry

B basic vital signs

C clinical examinations

D biological specimens

9. Population based studies are typically conducted using:

A human subjects

B animals

C research facilities

D none of the above

10. The process of systematically and carefully investigating a subject in order to learn or discover new information about the world is known as?

11. When identifying specific exposures diseases and populations of interest identifying relevant statistics is not helpful.

A true

B false

12. Which of the following is not an example of an adittional assessment that can be conducted as a way to supplement self reported information during the data collection process?

A vital signs

B test of physiological function

C physical fitness tests

D surveys

13. To look for a health science abstract in PubMed one an use all of the following search methods except:

14. When conducting anthropometric measurements, there is no need for the researcher to ensure that the methods used to take these measurements are standardized

A true

B false

15. There is no need to read the full article if the abstract is available.

A true

B false

16. Which of the following is not an example of an examination a clinician can conduct to examine many health states that machines are unable to assess well?

A breath sounds and other respiratory functions

B heart sounds

C heart rate

D the condition of the skin hair and nails

17. Which is not a step in the research process?

A identify a study question

B select a study approach

C report study findings

D all of the above

18. A paragraph length summary of an article chapter or book is known as a

19. Health science abstracts usually provide a brief description of

A study design

B the study populatio

C key findings of the study

D all of the above

20. The goal of every research project is to find and address gaps in the literature and to build on precious work.

A true

B false

21. Which is not an example of laboratory research?

A compare tests of air quality in several metropolitan areas

B identify biological mechanisms for the emergence of drug resistant bacteria

C use a food frequency questionnaire to examine dietary behaviors in a selected population

D develop a new vaccine

22. If clinical examinations are conducted as part of the data collection process an assessment form should carefully describe each component of the examination procedure to be used and diagnostic procedure for each item on the assessment form

A true

B false

23. ____ is the measurement of the size/composition of the human body

A anthropology

B vital signs

C clinical examinations

D biological specimens

24. Health research is considered to be a scientific process only.

A true

B false

25. The goal of any one research project is to contribute vast amount of information that when pooled with other researchers information will provide evidentiary foundation for change

A true

B false

26. Which is an example of health abstract databases available from libraries via subscription

27. All of the following are examples of anthropometric measurements except:

A height

B waist circumference

C skinfold measurements

D blood pressure

28. All of the following are good sources of information that a researcher can use to explore what his primary area of research interest is except:

29. Which of the following is the most important publicly available health science database?

1. The risk of acquiring disease is measured by the a. Incidence rate b. Incidence rate times the average duration of the disease c. Incidence rate divided by the prevalence rate d. Prevalence rate e. Prevalence rate times the average duration of the disease

2. The strength of an association between a factor and a disease is best measure by a. Incubation rate b. Incidence of the disease in the total population c. Prevalence of the factor d. Attributable risk e. Relative risk

3. Case fatality rate for a given disease refers to a. The crude mortality rate per 100,000 population b. Cause-specific mortality rate due to the disease c. A fatal outcome of any disease d. The percentage of deaths among cases of the disease e. The proportion of deaths due to the disease among all deaths from all causes

4. An investigator is interested in etiology of neonatal jaundice. To study this condition, he selected 100 children who were diagnosed with this condition and 100 children born in the same period and in the same hospital who did not have a diagnosis of neonatal jaundice. He then reviewed the obstetrical and delivery records of their mothers to determine various prenatal and perinatal exposures. This is an example of a(n): a. Cross-sectional study b. Case-control study c. Cohort study d. Clinical trial e. Experiment

5. Which of the following statements describes the major advantages of a randomized clinical trial? a. It avoids observer bias b. It lends itself to ethical justification c. It yields results replicable in other patients d. It rules out self-selection of participants to the different treatment groups d. It enrolls representative patients

6. A survey conducted in England revealed that of 224 families in which there had been a known case of poliomyelitis, 56 maintained parakeets as a family pet. In another British survey, 30 out of 99 poliomyelitis patients questioned kept parakeets. The inference that there is some relationship between the presence of a parakeet in a household and the occurrence of poliomyelitis among household members is a. Correct b. Incorrect because of failure to distinguish between incidence and prevalence c. Incorrect because a proportionate ratio is used when a rate is required to support the inference d. Incorrect because a failure to recognize a possible cohort phenomenon e. Incorrect because there is no control or comparison group.

7. An investigator determines the correlation coefficient between triglyceride levels and degree of atherosclerosis in sampled blood vessels to be +1.67. On the basis of this you would conclude that: a. Triglyceride level is a good predictor of atherosclerosis b. Triglyceride level is not a good predictor of atherosclerosis c. High triglyceride levels cause atherosclerosis d. Atherosclerosis cause high triglyceride levels e. The investigator has incorrectly determined the correlation coefficient

8. A screening test of known sensitivity and specificity is applied to two populations. The prevalence of the disease being screened for is 10% in population A and is 1% in population B. Which of the following is true? a. The percent of all negative tests that have false-negative results is lower in population A than in population B. b. Specificity is lower in population A than in population B. c. Reliability is higher in population A than in population B. d. The percent of all positive tests that have false-positive results is lower in population A than in population B. e. Specificity is higher in population A than in population B.

9. Serum cholesterol levels are obtained for four healthy men. The probability that all will fall below the 10th percentile of the distribution of cholesterol for healthy males is: a. 0.4 b. 1 â (0.1)4 c. (0.1)4 d. (0.9)4 e. Cannot be determined from these data

10. In a diabetes screening program, the screening level for a positive blood sugar level in test 1 is set at 160 mg/dl, and in test 2 at 130 mg/dl. The sensitivity is: a. Greater in test 1 b. Greater in test 2 c. Equal in test 1 and 2 d. Dependent on the size of the population being evaluated

Part II 1.The California Occupational Mortality study data set was employed to assess mortality data for the years 1979-1981. A 2% sample of employed persons from the 1980 census of California was used. It contains the occupation of each person who had died. This study, like any occupation-based study, is restricted to the work life span as far as age of subjects is concerned. This study used ages 16-64 years. Certain persons, because of their source of work, were excluded as subjects: homemakers, retired persons, students, disabled, military personnel, etc. Only main-stream-type employment was used in this study to establish occupations at risk for heavy alcohol drinking. Using the Table below, answer the following:

1.What occupations are most vulnerable to acquiring cirrhosis of the liver from heavy drinking?

2.List several of the occupations identified by the research studies that are more vulnerable to alcohol-induced, cirrhosis related deaths and that have the highest mortality rates.

3. What are possible confounding variables for the research in occupations and heavy drinking that lead to fatal diseases?

4. Based on available research data, develop and construct a web of causation along with the appropriate decision trees for occupational group-related alcohol deaths. Table. Alcohol Related Deaths in California, 1979-1981 Cirrhosis 5.5% Digestive organ cancers 5.7% Injuries 13.7% Suicide and homicide 5.% All other causes 64.9%

Zika and microcephaly Since May 2015, Brazil has experienced a significant outbreak of Zika virus. In recent years, Brazilian officials reported an increase in the number of babies born with microcephaly.

1. Briefly describe what we know and what we do not know about Zika virus.

2. What has been done and what should be done to prevent Zika virus epidemic in US and world-wide?

ENH 122 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Cumulative Incidence, Shigellosis, Prevalence

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