BLG 400 Lecture Notes - Lecture 6: Sister Chromatids, Gene Duplication, Germ Cell

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2 Mar 2016

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The cell cycle is a repeating pattern of cell growth and division: Most cell growth occurs in g1 and g2. Some terminally differentiated cells stop dividing and arrest in g0. Chromosomes replicate to form sister chromatids in s. Chromosome dynamics during g1, s and g2 phase of cell cycle. Prophase: chromosomes condense and become visible, centrosomes move apart toward opposite poles. Prometaphase: nuclear envelope breaks down, microtubules from centrosomes invade the nucleus and connect to kinetochores in centromere of each chromatid, sister chromatids attach to microtubules from opposite poles. Metaphase: chromosomes align on the metaphase plate with sister chromatids facing opposite poles, forces pushing and pulling chromosomes to or from each pole are in balanced equilibrium. Anaphase: centromeres of all chromosomes divide simultaneously, kinetochore microtubules shorten and pull separated sister chromatids to opposite poles (characteristic v shape) Telophase: rewind of prophase, nuclear envelope forms around each group of chromatids, spindle fibres disperse, chromosomes decondense.

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Question 3 (5 points)

Match the terms to the definitions provided.

Question 3 options:

	telophase II
	meiosis II
	telophase I
	anaphase I
	anaphase II

1.	Division, beginning without DNA replication, that resembles and produces four haploid cell.s
2.	Phase of meiosis when chiasmata are broken as spindle fibers shorten and homologous pairs are pulled apart.
3.	Phase of meiosis when sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles of the cells.
4.	Phase of meiosis in which homologues cluster at the poles of the cells and the nuclear envelope reforms.
5.	Phase of meiosis in which four different haploid cells are present.

Question 4 (7 points)

Match the terms to the definitions provided.

Question 4 options:

	G0
	telophase
	G2
	mitosis
	cytokinesis
	cell cycle
	S

1.	The phase in which the cell synthesizes a replica of its genome
2.	The overall process of genome duplication
3.	The phase in the cell cycle during which mitochondria and other organelles replicate.
4.	The phase in mitosis when chromosomes are clustered at opposite poles and the spindle apparatus disappears
5.	A resting state that cells often enter before resuming cell division.
6.	The phase in the cell cycle when the cytoplasm divides creating two daughter cells.
7.	The phase in the cell cycle in which the spindle apparatus assembles and sister chromatids move apart.

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Question 5 (6 points)

Put the events of a MAP kinase cascade in the correct order.

Question 5 options:

	MAPKKK phosphorylates and activates another kinase
	MAPKK phosphorylates and activates MAPK
	Binding of MAPKKK to Ras
	External signal binds to membrane receptor and activates receptor kinase.
	MAPK phosphorylates an inactive response protein and activates it.
	Phosphorylation of receptor kinase and interaction with RAS

BLG 400 Lecture Notes - Lecture 6: Sister Chromatids, Gene Duplication, Germ Cell

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