PSYC 100 Lecture Notes - Lecture 20: Overjustification Effect, Fluid Balance, Thermoregulation
12 Jun 2018
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Week 20: Personality and Social Psychology: Motivation and Emotion
Topic 01: Motivation
• Motivation: A general term for phenomena that affect the nature, strength and persistence of
a idiidual’s ehaiour
• Drives: Reversible internal conditions that affect the nature, strength and persistence of an
idiidual’s ehaiour
• Regulatory Drives: Those such as hunger, thirst, thermoregulation, and sleep that help to
maintain physiological homeostasis and are needed for our immediate survival.
• Nonregulatory Drives: Fulfil an evolutionary purpose, but indirectly.
o Safety (drives such as sleep and fear that motivate us to replenish our bodies and avoid
danger)
o Reproductive (sexual, maternal and sexual jealously drives that motivate us to
reproduce, care for our young and guard our mates)
o Social (approval and acceptance drives that motivate us to cooperate)
o Educative (play and exploration, which motivate us to practice our skills and learn about
our environments)
• Drives (or motivational states) are reward-seeking states, and motivated behaviour is reinforced
by the pleasure we experience once the reward has been obtained
• Central State Theory: The theory that states that various drives correspond with different neural
activity in different parts of the brain
o Ex. The hypothalamus senses internal states, such as levels of glucose, hydration, salts
ad iteral teperature; respods to horoe leels’ ad is oeted to the pituitary
gland, so it can orchestrate the release of hormones.
• Drive Reduction Theory: Proposes that a drive produces an unpleasant state that causes an
organism to engage in motivated behaviours. Reduction of drive is reinforcing.
o Ex. Our need for homeostasis means that if our internal fluid balance gets too low, we
are motivated to drink- we feel thirsty
• Intrinsic Incentive: Results from an internal need
• Extrinsic Incentive: Results from gaining a reward of avoiding an unpleasant consequence.
• Over-Justification Effect: This hypothesis predicts that people who shift from intrinsic to
extrinsic rewards for engaging in an activity will stop the activity if the extrinsic reward is
removed. This cessation of previously enjoyable behaviour is the over-justification effect.
• Hunger and Satiety Sensors:
o Stomach pressure sensors keep you from eating until you burst
o Neural sensors also signal the nutritive value of food and influence the sense of satiety
o Biological factors affect our sense of hunger and satiety, including glucose and fat levels
o The body also monitors level of a hormone called leptin that is secreted by fat cells
• Researchers have now identified the arcuate nucleus (in the hypothalamus near the pituitary
glad) as the appetite otrol etre. This uleus otais to types of euros that, he
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