PHILOS 2TT3 Lecture : Intro to Ethics, Oct. 16

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chocolateyellowjacket590

16 Oct 2012

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White lies: definition: a falsehood not meant to injure anyone and of little moral import, motivations: avoiding hurt feelings, flatter, cheer up, exaggerate, understate. Excuses: sometimes to excuse a lie and sometimes to replace a lie. Not really a lie : wrong, not blameworthy and not responsible. Excuses function as redirection of blame: bok"s understanding of excuses: action acknowledged as wrong, and as personally responsible but not blameworthy (or only partially blameworthy). Presumption against lying, although outweighed in some circumstances, excuses are the reasons/arguments for why the lie"s negative worth is outweighed. It somehow undercuts our blameworthiness, even though the lie is still wrong: reasons given to excuse lies: Avoiding harm (hurt feelings, personal injury, self-preservation, avoid trouble, save face) To avoid self-harm, lying is biased, and not such a good excuse it is a better excuse to avoid harm from coming around to others.

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4. 3.5/6.5 points All Submissions Notes Question: SerEssen11.AE.06. .Question part Points Submissions 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
.5 .5 .5 1 1 0/1 0/1 0/1
1/15 1/15 1/15 1/15 1/15 5/15 0/15 0/15
Total 3.5/6.5 ... Example 1.6 Cartesian and Polar Coordinates
Goal Understand how to convert from plane rectangular coordinatesto plan polar coordinates and vice versa.

Problem (a) The Cartesian coordinates of a point in the xy-planeare (x, y) = (-3.37, -2.73) m, as shown in Active Figure 1.5 Findthe polar coordinates of this point. (b) Convert (r, ?) = (4.61 m,36.5Â°) to rectangular coordinates.

Strategy Apply the trigonometric functions and their inverses,together with the Pythagorean theorem.
Figure 1.5 Converting from Cartesian coordinates to polarcoordinates.

Solution
(a) Cartesian to Polar
Take the square root of both sides of Equation 1.2 to find theradial coordinate. r =
= 1 m

Use Equation 1.1 for the tangent function to find the angle withthe inverse tangent, adding 180Â° because the angle is actually inthe third quadrant: tan ? = = = 0.810
? = tan-1 (0.810) = 39.0Â° + 180Â°
? = 2Â°

(b) Polar to Cartesian
Use the trigonometric definitions, Equation 1.1. x = r cos? = (4.61m) cos 36.5Â°
x = 3 m

y = r sin? = (4.61 m) sin 36.5Â°
y = 4 m

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Remarks When we take up vectors in two dimensions in Chapter 3, wewill routinely use a similar process to find the direction andmagnitude of a given vector from its components, or, conversely, tofind the components from the vector's magnitude anddirection.

Exercise 1.6 Hints: Getting Started | I'm Stuck

(a) Find the polar coordinates corresponding to (x, y) = (3.11,1.28) m.
r = 5 m
? = 6Â°
Your response differs significantly from the correct answer. Reworkyour solution from the beginning and check each stepcarefully.

(b) Find the Cartesian coordinates corresponding to (r, ?) = (4.07m, 52.5Â°)
x = 7 m
y = 8 m

Anything you could do would help, but please explain slowly. Thanksagain. It is for my technical physics 115 class.

Vapor cycles
5EM - Thermodynamics
September 2010
1 The T-S diagram
The temperature-entropy diagram is an alternative to the well knownpressure-
volume diagram. Before using it to analyze different vapor cycles,we need
to understand it properly.
1. Plot the following transformations for ideal gases in a T-Sdiagram
(a) Isothermal expansion
(b) Isobaric expansion
(c) Isometric heating
(d) Reversible adiabatic expansion
(e) Irreversible adiabatic expansion
2. Repeat the last question, but this time do it for a realsubstance,
starting in the compressed liquid1 region and ending in thesuperheated
region, when possible. Indicate the boundaries of eachregion.
3. We know that under certain circumstances the area under theplot
in a P-V diagram represents the work performed during theprocess.
What does it represent in this case? Under what assumptions isyour
answer true? Compare examples 6.1 and 6.2.
2 Thermal machines
We understand by thermal machine a device capable of transformingther-
mal energy (heat) into mechanical energy (work). We already knowthat
these machines have a limited efficiency which, in the two-sourcesmodel, is
obtained by Carnotâs cycle.
(Compressed liquid is sometimes also called subcooled liquid)
2.1 Carnot cycle
This cycle, although efficient, is impractical. To begin with, theextreme
temperatures of the cycle should be within the sources temperaturesfor a
finite heat flow to exist.
1. Given the temperature of the sources, draw the cycle accordingto the
named limitation.
2. Show that this leads to lower efficiency than the theoreticallimit.
3. Assume that heat flow from/to the sources is proportional to thetem-
perature difference between them and the working fluid, anddemon-
strate that a higher power output is related to a decreasedefficiency.
2.2 Rankine cycle
Out of the several practical possibilities, Rankine cycle and itsvariations is
widely used, especially for electric power generation.
1. Draw the basic cycle in a T-S diagram and explain it.
2. What does the efficiency of the cycle depend on? Comparewith
Carnotâs.
3. What are the differences between the ideal cycle and the realone?
4. Describe how it is modified by superheating and/or reheating.Explain
te benefits.
2.3 Problems
After answering the previous questions solve the followingexercises from the
book: 8.2, 8.4, 8.5, 8.13, 8.19, 8.20
3 Frigorific machines
3.1 Reverse Carnot cycle
We have already studied Carnot cycle in detail as the ideal thermalmachine.
Now we will take is as the starting point to understand thecharacteristics
of frigorific machines.
1. Draw the ideal cycle in a T-S diagram and explain it.
2. Show that this cycle has a theoretical efficiency Ã =Tcold/Thot-Tcold
3. What are the difficulties in implementing such cycle in actualdevices?
3.2 Actual refrigerators
1. Why is the turbine replaced by an expansion valve in mostcases?
2. Plot the actual cycle and explain the differences with the idealcase.
3. How do cascade and multistage systems improve the performanceof
the refrigerator?
4. What aspects are important in the choice of a refrigerant fluid?Justify
3.3 Problems
After answering the previous questions solve the followingexercises from the
book: 10.2 10.7, 10.8, 10.9, 10.22, 10.23 10.1D

PHILOS 2TT3 Lecture : Intro to Ethics, Oct. 16

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