KINESIOL 2YY3 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Buffy Coat, Adrenal Medulla, Fluid Balance

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17 Dec 2019

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Transport of gases, nutrients, and waste products: oxygen, co2, glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, metabolic end products. Transport of processed molecules: vitamin d precursor from skin to liver and kidneys, we can get it from the diet, but a lot of it comes from the sun; Sun makes a precursor that gets taken to our liver for processing. Then it goes to kidneys for further processing to get the active vitamin d and it"s transported to the body: vitamin d is used in intestines to increase calcium intake. Important for maintaining osmosis and creating fluid balance: maintenance of body temperature, ex: heat transfer from muscle tissue to blood to skin to external environment to avoid large changes in core body temperature. Protection against foreign substances: antibodies produced, circulate in blood response to infection. Built-in mechanism for self-repair of damaged tissues; limit amount of blood loss. Take blood samples and spin them to separate components.

Related Questions

QUESTION 11

A sustainable environment means to be maintained indefinitely and when we use products that have been altered by GMO's, genetically modified organisms, those crops cannot reproduce themselves.

True

False

5.00000 points

QUESTION 12

Which foods would not make a complement of 20 amino acids, to make a complete protein?

		Corn and beans
		Brown rice and peas
		Peanut butter and white bread
		Yogurt and walnuts

5.00000 points

QUESTION 13

Which nutrition tip would you not recommend?

		It is recommended to chew your food well.
		It is recommended to go long periods of time without eating to loose weight.
		When you eat out you can expect to get more salt and fat from the food.
		Eating often will not cause weight gain because one is less likely to overeat.

5.00000 points

QUESTION 14

Regarding fiber, which one is not correct?

		If you want to add fiber in your diet also eat the seeds and skins in fruits and vegetables.
		The removal of the outer husk or bran from our wheat diminished the integrity of our grains.
		The lack of fiber in the Western diet (that's our diet) was causing gastrointestinal problems that many countries and continents had not seen: diverticulitis, diverticulosis, constipation, increase in colon cancers, etc.
		You cannot eat too much fiber.

5.00000 points

QUESTION 15

Whey protein is a protein in milk that is most efficient in building muscle.

True

False

5.00000 points

QUESTION 16

Quinoa has been around for thousands of years, it is gluten free and a complete protein.

True

False

5.00000 points

QUESTION 17

Most of us donât get enough Vitamin D since our sun exposure is limited in the northern states. Vitamin D is made in our body with the help of the ultraviolet rays from the sun being absorbed by the skin. Vitamin D is vital for our immune system, skeletal structure hormone balance, and other bodily functions.

In answering this question, the other way we can get Vitamin D is primarily by eating fruits.

True

False

5.00000 points

QUESTION 18

The hypothalamus is our brain's appetite control center.

True

False

5.00000 points

QUESTION 19

The following explains information about antioxidants but one, which one is incorrect?

		We can't stop aging or get rid of the sun or live in a perfectly clean world but we can provide our body antioxidants that will fight free radicals.
		We know from our readings antioxidants are vitamin K and the minerals biotin and selenium.
		The foods with antioxidants are: all berries are great (strawberries, blackberries, blueberries, etc.), green leafy vegetables, carrots, tomatoes, dark chocolate, nuts, kidney beans and all beans, all herbs and foods mother nature provides us.
		The most effective compounds that can fight off free radicals are antioxidants, just as the name implies they counteract oxidation, the harmful reaction that takes place.

5.00000 points

QUESTION 20

It's best to drink beverages without calories. The calories from food leave us more satisfied than fluids and it's much easier to get additional unwanted calories from sodas, juices and lattes.

True False

5.00000 points

Please help me answer this multiple choice questions: (please answer all questions)

No explantion needed just the answer needed.

physiology and neurobiology questions below.

31. Systemic arterioles dilate in response to _____.

A. Increased CO2 levels in the tissue

B. Decreased O2 levels in the tissue

C. Decreased pH in the tissues

D. All of the above

32. Blood in the pulmonary arteries ______

A. Contains hemoglobin which is about 98.5% saturated with oxygen

B. Has a PO2 of about 40 mmHg

C. Both of the above

D. Neither of the above

33. Completion of first meiotic division of oogenesis yields.

A. One secondary oocyte

B. Four primary oocyte

C. Four mature ova (egg cells)

D. Four secondary oocytes

34. The final absorbable products of chemical digestion occurring in the brush border of the small

intestine include:

A. Monosaccharides and amino acids

B. Proteins and chylomicrons

C. Disaccharides and amino acids

D. Monosaccharides and disaccharides

35. The hemoglobin oxygen curve saturation curve plots ____ on the dependent (Y) axis and ____

on the independent (X) axis.

A. Oxygen concentration; hemoglobin concentration

B. % oxygen saturation of hemoglobin; PO2 of blood

C. % oxygen saturation of hemoglobin; PCO2 of blood

D. Hemoglobin concentration; oxygen concentration

36. In contrast to the female hypothalamic pituitary-sex steroid axis, control of the male axis is

aimed at ____.

A. Allowing spermatogenesis to occur just once a month

B. Keeping levels of pituitary gonadotropins relatively constant in blood

C. Keeping levels of hypothalamic releasing hormones higher than usual in blood

D. Causing a positive feedback effect of sex steroid up on gonadotropins

37. Which of the following will correct acidosis?

A. Speed up the proton pump

B. Buffering of protons with phosphate in the tubular lumen

C. Renal metabolism of glutamine

D. All of the above

38. Epithelium with a brush border (microvilli) is characteristics of the mucosa found in

A. Duodenum

B. Proximal Tubule

C. Both of the above

D. Neither of the above

39. The transport maximum (Tm) for glucose, addition filtered glucose

A. Is no longer filtered

B. Appears in urine

C. Is secreted

D. Is reabsorbed

40. Stroke volume is equal to ____.

A. End-diastolic volume alone

B. End-diastolic volume plus end-systolic volume

C. Cardiac output minus heart rate

D. End-diastolic volume minus end-systolic volume

41. The long term solution to a change in blood pH involves

A. Digestive System

B. Respiratory System

C. Buffers such as hemoglobin

D. Renal System

42. The left heart receives blood from ___ and pumps blood out through the ____.

A. Superior vena cava; pulmonary trunk

B. Pulmonary veins, pulmonary trunk

C. Pulmonary veins; aorta

D. Pulmonary arteries; aorta

43. Selection and activation of specific B lymphocytes may lead to all EXCEPT_____.

A. Formation of memory cells

B. Secretions of antibodies

C. Activation of complements to destroy tagged antigen

D. Secretion of perforin

44. Bile is stored and released into the duodenum from the

A. Liver

B. Pancreas

C. Gall Bladder

D. Duodenum

45. Beta oxidation of fatty acids yields _____,which then can be further oxidized to produces ATP.

A. Glycogen

B. Amino acids

C. Keto acids

D. Acetyl CoA

46. The relationship between the loop of Henle and the vasa recta capillaries function.

A. Absorption of glucose, amino acids and creatinine

B. Countercurrent exchange

C. Countercurrent multiplication

D. All of the above

47. Anterior pituitary production of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) is decreased by

A. Testosterone from Sertoli cells

B. Inhibin from Sertoli cells

C. Inhibin from interstitial (Leydig) cells

D. Luteinizing Hormone (LH) from granulosa cells

48. A response to acidosis would involve

A. Slowing down the proton pump

B. Greatly increased excretion of HCO3- (bicarbonate ions)

C. Both of the above

D. Neither of the above

49. The conversion of spermatid to spermatozoa occurs

A. By differentiation process in the seminiferous tubule

B. In epididymis

C. By meiosis, in the seminiferous tubule

D. In the prostate gland

50. Antibody-mediated immunity defends against ____.

A. Virus infected cells

B. Viruses and bacteria in the blood or body fluids

C. Bacteria only

D. Viruses only

pinkwhale636

Food that we consume is composed of very complex molecules. During the digestive process these compounds are broken down into smaller and smaller subunits in preparation for use by the body as building blocks needed for the many components of the human body.

The digestion process begins at the mouth. Food enters and then accessory digestive organs like the tongue, teeth, and salivary glands break down the substance. It then travels through the pharynx and esophagus into the stomach, where the stomach acid further breaks down the food (UXL Complete Health Resource). After that, the food travels through the small and large intestines where a majority of its nutrients are absorbed. The waste then exits through the end of the large intestine which is made up of the rectum and anus. After the teeth assist in chewing, food rolls over the tongue and reaches stomach through the esophagus within 8 seconds. General Tsoâs Chicken and Rice consist of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. However, carbohydrates are digested easily than the fats and proteins. After broken down in the stomach, most of the nutrients are absorbed from the small intestine, and it takes 6 to 8 hours to pass through small intestine. The remaining unabsorbed material, âmoves very slowly through the large intestine where the final absorption of water and other nutrients take placeâ (UXL Complete Health Resource). The parasympathetic nervous system encourages the food to move through the digestive tract and motivates digestion process. The sympathetic nervous system works against the parasympathetic nervous system by decreasing the contraction and relaxation of the digestive tract (Taylor). Mouth produces saliva, which contains amylase. Amylase is key in digesting carbohydrates. The stomach produces hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen, intrinsic factor, and mucus (Taylor). Hydrochloric acid kills the bacteria and other organisms that enter the stomach, and then continues to activate pepsinogen. Pepsinogen then changes into pepsin, which digests protein peptides. The pancreas produces trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidases, lipases, and phospholipases. Trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidases digest proteins, whereas lipases, phospholipases digest lipid molecules. Small intestine produces lactase, sucrase, maltase, lipases, and peptidases. Lactase, sucrase, and maltase digest carbohydrates (UXL Complete Health Resource). Saliva glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder are the accessory organs of the digestive process. Saliva glands produce mucus and amylase which digests starch into simple sugars and binds food particles together, while lubricating the palette when one swallows. The pancreas produces amylase, lipases, and proteinases etc. These digestive juices are responsible for breaking down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. The liver is the largest gland in the body, âIt produces bile salts to emulsify lipids. It detoxifies metabolic end products to protect the bodyâ (UXL Complete Health Resource). Gallbladder stores bile juice. The chicken in the General Tsoâs contains proteins. Proteins cannot be digested in mouth. However, the mouth can physically digest chicken into smaller pieces. These partially digested chicken pieces travel to stomach, where it is digested by pepsin. The pancreas produces trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidases, lipases, and phospholipases (UXL Complete Health Resource). The chicken is then digested by trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidases in the duodenum of the small intestine. After the complete digestion, the chickenâs proteins change into amino acids, which are then absorbed into blood. The rice of the General Tsoâs is a carbohydrate. Carbohydrates are partially digested inside the mouth by amylase. The rest of the rice travels to the stomach where it is digested by pancreatic juices and enzymes that are produced by small intestine. The digestion of the rice produces monosaccharides that absorb into the blood stream. The left over, and undigested parts of the chicken and rice that are useless to the body are excreted by large intestine through rectum.

1) Based on your finding in the Module 3 Report, begin the Module 4 Report by identifying which metabolites are being absorbed and specifically which vessels of the cardiovascular or lymphatic system are the initial vessel of transport from the digestive system. 2) From the point that the specific metabolites are absorbed from the GI tract, trace the path of the resulting metabolites to the following locations in the body for incorporation into the body structure: Metabolites of protein for use in the Gastrocnemius muscle for muscle maintenance. Metabolites of the carbohydrates for energy to contract the cardiac muscle cells. Metabolites of fat to incorporate into the myelin sheaths of the Schwann cells of the Trigeminal nerve that innervates the Masseter muscle. Water for incorporation into the synovial fluid of the hip joint. Iron for incorporation into red blood cells in the bone marrow of the sternum.

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KINESIOL 2YY3 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Buffy Coat, Adrenal Medulla, Fluid Balance

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