KINESIOL 2YY3 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: T-Tubule, Sinoatrial Node, Interatrial Septum

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17 Dec 2019

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C a r d i a c m u s c l e ( 2 ) A skeletal muscle, however, is a long cylinder that runs the entire length of the muscle, but the heart cells is elongated and branching, not running the length of the muscle and are shorter, connected in a series. Elongated, branching cells containing 1-2 centrally located nuclei, which is very few compared to skeletal muscle cells due to not having that many myofibrils. Striations are not as clear compared to skeletal muscle. Contains actin and myosin myofilaments to form sarcomeres due to all of the normal muscle physiology. Sarcolemma (muscle plasma membrane) has invaginations (transverse tubules) that allow ap to move down within or into the cell however, it is not as organized and are fewer compared to skeletal muscle. Contains a huge number of mitochondria that are constantly working to make atp. Intercalated disks (unique to cardiac muscle): specialized cell-cell contacts.

Related Questions

1)What type of cell allows the immune system to respond morequickly if the same antigen is encountered a second time?

A)leukocytes

B)memory cells

C)macrophages

D)neutrophils

E)natual killer cells

2)why is the heart divided funtionally into two separate pumpsthat work in series?

A)because arteries carry blood away from the pump and veinsbring blood back to the pump

B)because blood decreases in pressure as it travels throughcirculation

C)because vessles in the vasculature keep blood moving in onedirection'

D)because there are four chambers to the heart

E)none of the above-the heart contracts in unison and is notdivided into two pumps

3)which of the following statements is correct?

A)Na+,K+, Ca2+ and Cl- are all more concentrated in theEXTRACELLULAR fluid

B)Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Cl- are all more concentrated in theEXTRACELLULAR fluid

C)Na+, Ca2+, and Cl- are all more concentrated in theEXTRACELLULAR fluid

D)K+, ca2+ are more concentrated in the EXTRACELLULAR fluid

E)K+, Ca2+ are more concentrated in the EXTRACELLULAR fluid

3)During skeletal muscle contraction:

A)the width of the H-zone decreases

B)the actin heads bind to myosin chain

C)ATP hydrolysis requires Ca2+ as a cofactor

D)tropomyosin changes conformation when Ca2+ binds

E)all of the above occur during skeletal muscle contraction

4)The rapid depolarization phase of myocardial contratile cellaction potential is due to the movement of which ion(s)?

A)Ca2+ flows into the cytosol

B)K+ flow out of the cytosol

C)Na+ flow into the cytosol

D)Ca2+ flow out of the cytosol

E)K+ flow into the cytosol

5)You are a physiology graduate student asked to study theeffect of ion permeability on the initiation of action potentials.You have isolated a cell with resting membrane potential of -70mVand have determined that the cell's threshold voltage is -55mV. Youthen change the cell to make it less permeable to K+ ions(Eions=-90mV)

With all ther condition staying the same, has cell's restingmembrane potential been DEPOLARIZED or HYPERPOLARIZED; and will thecell require a greater or smaller stimulus to reach threshold?

A)hyperpolarize; smaller

B)depolarize;greater

C)hyperpolarize;greater

D)depolarized; smaller

E)none of the above answers are possibe

6)Skeletal muscle cells are UNUSUAL in that they :

A)lack smooth endoplasmic reticulum

B)have no mitochondria

C)depend entirley on anaerobic respiration

D)have MULTIPLE nuclei

E)none of the baove are found in the skeletal muscle cells

7)What is the name for the autonomic nervous system synapses atthe neuroeffector?

A)electrical synapses

B)axon viscosities

C)bidirectional synapses

D)axon varicosities

E)light bulb synapse

8)Which cytokines are involvedin making cells resistant toviruses?

A)colony-stimulating actors

B)interferons

C)erythrpoietin

D)major histocompatibility complex

E)none of the above can make a cell resistant to a virus

9)If a person switiches from normal breathing to more shallowbreathing, whcih statement is true

A)tidal volume decreases

B)alveolar PO2 decreases

C)alveolar ventilation decreases

D)"a" and "b"

E)"a", "b', and "c"

10)Which scenerio supports hyperpolarization of pre-synapticcell?

A)allowing Cl- ions into the cell

B)allowing K+ ions to leave the cell

C)allowing Ca2+ ions into the cell

D)"a" and "b"

E)"a", "b", and "c"

11)The gap junctions in cardia muscle are part of specializedcell junctions that are localized to the__________.

A)transverse tubules

B)intercalated discs

C)Interdigitated fingers

D)desmosomes

E)high-end shppoinf malls

12)What role does myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) play insmooth muscle cell contraction?

A)dephosphorylates myosin

B)phosphorylates actin

C)phosphoylates myosin

D)dephosphorylates actin

E)both "a" and "c"Given that your forearm is 30cm long and yourbiceps inserts 2 cm away from your elbow joint, how much force mustyour biceps exert to hold up a 10kg weight?

A)0.67kg

B)6.0kg

C)20kg

d)150kg

e)600kg

erinbadger748

QuestionGroup: #37 CNS

Assigned as

Homework

Which parts of the brain contribute to our social behavior?

Orbitofrontal cortex

Mirror neurons

Amygdala

All of these are correct

Answered

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QuestionGroup: #38 CNS2

Assigned as

Homework

Part of the explanation of long term memory is which of the following?

Long term potentiation between neurons and muscle cells

Long term potentiation between neurons

Short term translation

Long term transcription

Answered

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QuestionGroup: #39 PNS

Assigned as

Homework

The somatic component of the peripheral nervous system has which of the following characteristics?

It controls the smooth muscle in the blood vessels so that blood vessels can vasoconstrict or vasodilate

It controls the autonomic nervous system so it indirectly controls heart rate

It controls your skeletal muscle so you can answer this question by pushing on the keyboard

It controls the smooth muscle in your intestinal tract so it controls peristalsis

Answered

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QuestionGroup: #40 Smooth/skeletal

Assigned as

Homework

Which of the following is NOT a part of a skeletal muscle cell?

Motor neurons

Nuclei

Sarcomeres

Actin

Myosin

Answered

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QuestionGroup: #41 Cardio

Assigned as

Homework

Which part of the circulatory system has the highest pressure?

Veins

Capillaries

Arteries

Aorta

Answered

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QuestionGroup: #42 Cardio2

Assigned as

Homework

Where do the electrical signals originate in your heart?

SA node

Internodal tracts

His-Purkinje System

AV node

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QuestionGroup: #43 Blood pressure

Assigned as

Homework

There was a horrific traffic accident and you run to help the victims. You feel a pulse from his carotid artery ,however the medic comes along and gets no blood pressure as he measures it from the arm. He claims the victim is dead. You think which of the following?

Medic is not correct since it is the difference between heart rate and blood pressure that determines life. No heart rate only means tha the sympathetics have stopped vasoconstricting the blood vessels.

Medic is correct since it is common to not have a blood pressure of 120/80 and no pulse due to stress as was discussed in class.

Medic is incorrect since there is a pulse. This means the person is still alive.

Medic is correct since there is no blood pressure there is no life.

Answered

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QuestionGroup: #44 Blood pressure2

Assigned as

Homework

Which side of the capillary bed has the higher oncotic pressure?

venous and lymph

arterial and lymph

lymph

venule side

arterial side

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QuestionGroup: #45 Capillaries

Assigned as

Homework

If the hydrostatic pressure is higher in the interstitial space rather than the capillary, which of the following will occur?

(2),(3)

(1),(2),(3)

(3) Decreased hydrostatic pressure in the arterial end of the capillary

(2) Decreased hydrostatic pressure in the venous end of the capillary

(1) No change in the hydrostatic pressure since this pressure is maintained regardless of external pressures.

Answered

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QuestionGroup: #46 Respiration/ ventilation

Assigned as

Homework

The left atrium is damaged and is generating a great resistance to blood coming from pulmonary vein. What happens due to this pressure?

Back up of blood in the pulmonary artery which causes pulmonary capillary edema

Generation of back flow into the inferior vena cava

Generation of coronary artery edema

Back up of blood in the pulmonary vein which causes pulmonary capillary edema

Answered

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QuestionGroup: #47 Respiration/ventilation 2

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Homework

Edema in the pulmonary circulation refers to which of the following?

additional fluid in the trachea

additional interstitial fluid

additional surfactant

additional capillary fluid

additional intracellular fluid

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QuestionGroup: #48 Cell communication

Assigned as

Homework

What is the definition of a signaling pathway?

All the proteins in the nucleus

All the cell molecules in the mitochondria

A group of genes that control mitosis

A specific chemical pathway that is activated by the ligand/receptor complex.

Answered

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QuestionGroup: #49 Hormone/ menstruation

Assigned as

Homework

Which hormone directly causes ovulation?

Follicle stimulating hormone

Lutenizing hormone

Progesterone

Estrogen

All of these

Question 1. Increased peripheral edema could be caused by:

a. blocked lymph vessels

b. decreased capillary blood pressure

c. increased concentration of albumin in the blood

d. slowed heart rate

Question 2. The pulse pressure of a healthy student is most likely to be:

a. 5 mm Hg

b. 30 mm Hg

c. 95 mm Hg

d. 120 mm Hg

Question 3. beta-blockers inhibit the activity of beta-adrenergic receptors and change the function of the heart by:

a. increasing heart rate and increasing contractility

b. increasing heart rate and decreasing contractility

c. decreasing heart rate and increasing contractility

d. decreasing heart rate and decreasing contractility

Question 4. In cardiac pacemaker cells, the L-type calcium channels:

a. open during diastole

b. close when the membrane potential rises above threshold

c. are located in the cell membrane

d. pump Ca2+ ions into the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Question 5. Dr. Campbell used an elliptical trainer for 40 minutes at the gym. Although the workload remained constant, Dr. Campbellâs heart-rate rose to 150 beats per minute during the first 5 minutes, stayed at that level for the next 25 minutes and then started to rise. It was 180 beats per minute at the end of the exercise period.

What was the time interval between QRS complexes when Dr. Campbellâs heart rate was 180 beats per minute?

a. 3.3 ms

b. 33 ms

c. 333 ms

d. 3333 ms

Question 6. In the question 5 above, Dr. Campbellâs heart rate is most likely to have risen during the last 10 minutes of exercise because his:

a. lungs were becoming congested

b. atrial cells were fatigued

c. extracellular Ca2+ concentration had increased

d. hematocrit increased due to sweating

Question 7. A Physiology student is sitting still in a cold igloo. After 30 minutes, she stands up, walks slowly around the igloo, and suddenly starts to shiver.

The student preserved their core temperature while they were sitting by:

a. depressing their Frank-Starling mechanism

b. decreasing the extracellular Ca2+ concentration

c. relaxing smooth muscles in their peripheral circulation

d. increasing the resistance of arterioles in their arms and legs

Question 8. In the question 7 above, the student started to shiver soon after walking because:

a. their atria started to fibrillate

b. their ventricles started to fibrillate

c. blood moved to the periphery, became cold, and chilled the core when it returned to the chest

d. the ATP concentration in their skeletal muscles had dropped to zero

Please use the following scenario for answering the questions 9 and 10.

A newly discovered drug binds to myosin molecules in cardiac muscle (and nowhere else) and increases the probability that myosin molecules in ventricular cells will bind to actin filaments when the intracellular Ca2+ concentration rises. The drug is being tested as a potential therapy for patients with heart failure.

Question 9. This drug might help people who have low cardiac output by:

a. increasing peripheral resistance

b. increasing the force developed by ventricular cells

c. increasing the isovolumic contraction time

d. increasing heart rate

Question 10. The increased binding of cardiac myosin molecules to actin might prevent the drug from being a useful treatment by:

a. slowing ventricular relaxation

b. decreasing the duration of systole

c. decreasing resistance of capillaries

d. slowing heart rate

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KINESIOL 2YY3 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: T-Tubule, Sinoatrial Node, Interatrial Septum

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