BIOLOGY 2C03 Lecture Notes - Susumu Ohno, Hypohidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia, Repressor

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The colours on a human chromosome indicate the chromatin density like a heat map (red to blue equals high to low density, respectively) Problem: how does the cell compensate for this imbalance as females would always have twice the amount of proteins transcribed for the x-chromosome. Female: 2 x-chromosomes two copies of each gene or two doses. Male: 1 x-chromosome one copy of each gene or one dose. Dosage compensation is a way of equalizing gene expression in the face of different gene dosage. This can occur in different ways: increasing expression from the chromosome (increase x chromosome expression in males, decreasing expression rom the two x chromosomes (females, turning off expression from one x chromosome (females) While mechanisms of dosage compensation vary, all involve modifications to chromosome structure and gene expression, perhaps through histone modification not changing the genetic code just the structure. Dosage compensation is an example of an epigenetic phenomenon.

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