BIOLOGY 1M03 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Limb Development, Coccyx, Trilobite

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8 Jan 2015

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Evidence of evolution change through time, extinction, vestigial traits, inter-relatedness. Evidence of natural selection industrial melanism, antibiotic resistance, beak size in galapagos nches. Natural selection a ects individuals, but evolution occurs in populations over time* Darwin and wallace went a major step and proposed that change in species over time is based on natural selection. Darwin described evolution as descent with modi cation, meaning that change in species over time is based on natural selection acting on heritable variation among individuals. Darwin described evolution as descent with modi cation, meaning that change over time produced modern species from ancestral species. This means that species: change through time and, are related by common ancestry. Extinct species from which we can extract dna and compare it to species still in existence today. As the fossil record has become more complete, many transitional forms have been discovered with traits that are intermediate between earlier and later species.

Related Questions

23.

Peter and Rosemary Grantâs research on Darwinâs finches demonstrated that dry years on the Galapagos Island Daphne Major favored deep beaks in the medium ground finch (Geospiza fortis) and that very wet years favored narrow beaks. In years that were neither wet nor dry (intermediate years), many different types of foods were available, and birds with intermediate beak sizes were favored. Immediately following an intermediate year, average beak size in G. fortis is expected to be

A) narrower than after a wet year and wider than after a dry year.

B) wider than after a wet year and narrower than after a dry year.

C) the same as after a wet year and wider than after a dry year.

D) the same as after a dry year and narrower than after a wet year.

13.

Select the evidence that would support the hypothesis that peppered moths and industrial melanism are an example of evolution by natural selection. Check all that apply.

A) Different color morphs exist naturally in the peppered moth population.

B) The genetic basis of melanism in peppered moths is unknown.

C) Dark moths are recaptured more in polluted areas than light moths.

D) Birds looking for food often miss moths that are the same color as the mothâs background.

Check all of the statements that are supported by studies of artificial selection.

A) Artificial selection shows that evolutionary change can occur over a short time.

B) Artificial selection shows that natural selection is capable of producing major evolutionary change.

C) Artificial selection occurs when humans selectively breed individuals of a species with desirable traits.

D) Artificial selection results only in minor changes within a species.

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In the passages below, Darwin and Wallace both clearly define what a species is based on their observations of the natural world. They then provide explanations for how new species arise.

Excerpt from âThe Origin of Species and Genera (S322: 1880), January 1880 issue of Nineteenth Century,â by Alfred R. Wallace ... A species may be defined as a group of individuals of animals or plants which breed together freely and reproduce their like; whence it follows that all the individuals of a species, now living or which have lived, have descended from a few common ancestors, or perhaps from a single pair. Thus all horses, whether Shetland ponies, racers, or cart-horses, form one species, because they freely breed together, and are known to have all descended from a common stock. By the same test the common ass, the kiang, the quagga, and the zebra, are each shown to be distinct species; for though sometimes two of these species will breed together, they do not do so freely, they do not reproduce their like but an intermediate form called a mule, and these mules are not capable of reproducing their kind, as are the offspring of any pairs of a single species.

Excerpt from âOn the Origin of Species,â by Charles Darwin, 1859 ... So with natural species, if we look to forms very distinct, for instance to the horse and tapir, we have no reason to suppose that links ever existed directly intermediate between them, but between each and an unknown common parent. The common parent will have had in its whole organisation much general resemblance to the tapir and to the horse; but in some points of structure may have differed considerably from both, even perhaps more than they differ from each other. Hence in all such cases, we should be unable to recognise the parent-form of any two or more species, even if we closely compared the structure of the parent with that of its modified descendants, unless at the same time we had a nearly perfect chain of the intermediate links. ...

ï¿¼ï¿¼Excerpt from On the Origin of Species, Chapter 4, by Charles Darwin, 1859 ... On the view that each species has been independently created, I can see no explanation of this great fact in the classification of all organic beings; but, to the best of my judgment, it is explained through inheritance and the complex action of natural selection, entailing extinction and divergence of character, as we have seen illustrated in the diagram. ...

Question: From all these readings, is there evidence that both Darwin and Wallace independently formulated the theory of evolution by natural selection? Support your answer.

Messenger RNA (mRNA)...

a) Is a structural part of a ribosome

b) Brings amino acids to DNA

c) Carries genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm

d) Is a structural part of a chromosome

e) Initiates and directs chemical reactions

Mr. Potato is homozygous dominant (KK), his son, Potato Jr. is heterozygous (Kk). Based on this information, what are the possible genotypes for Mrs. Potato? (Hint: use a Punnet Square).

a) Her genotype is definitely kk

b) Her genotype is either Kk or kk

c) Her genotype is either KK or Kk

d) Her genotype is either KK, or Kk, or kk

e) Mr. Potato cannot be Potato Jrâs biological father

12. Homologous chromosomes:

a) Are members of different chromosome pairs

b) Are genetically identical

c) Carry genetic information that influences the same traits (same genes but probably different alleles)

d) Are only inherited from the mother

e) Are only inherited from the father.

âFitnessâ in an evolutionary sense, refers to an individualâs:

a) Strength

b) Reproductive success

c) Aggressiveness

d) Size

e) Age at death

The fact that individuals who possess favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce than those who possess less favorable traits is the basis for the theory of...

a) uniformitarianism.

b) natural selection.

c) the inheritance of acquired characteristics.

d) catastrophism.

e) the fixity of species.

Even with strong selection, genetic variation of a population can be maintained because:

a) Selection only affects one gene at a time.

b) The effects of many alleles are hidden from selection by the effects of other alleles

c) Mutation constantly adds new alleles at an extremely fast rate.

d) Populations always go extinct before their gene frequencies are dramatically altered.

e) Only a and c

Gene Flow is defined as the:
a) Production of new alleles
b) New musical group in which Adam Levine will be the leading vocalist
c) Exchange of genes between populations
d) differential reproductive success of individuals
e) Process by which a DNA base gets extracted out of the nucleus to initiate the process of protein synthesis.

The basic unit of DNA is a molecule called a: a) Nucleotide

b) Base
c) Thymine
d) Prokaryoticcell e) mRNA

How many bases code for one amino acid? a) one

b) two
c) it depends on what amino acid it is d) three
e) four

Hemophilia is a condition that affects: a) more females than males
b) more males than females
c) females and males equally

d) only children born prematurely
e) individuals with a missing portion of chromosome number 5

A clear example of directional selection is:
a) Darwin finches with deeper and thicker beaks associated to a severe drought b) Sickle cell anemia in regions in which Malaria is endemic
c) Achondroplasticdwarfism
d) Fly halteres becoming fully developed wings after modification of a hox gene e) all of the above

Meiosis is evolutionarily significant because:
a) New combination of alleles can arise through independent assortment and crossing over

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b) It is the mechanism by which body tissues are repaired
c) It creates somatic cells that are crucial for our body organs to maintain us alive d) It allows forensics to determine the cause of death of unidentified people
e) none of the above

Homologous chromosomes:

a) Are exact copies of each other and contain exactly the same genetic material
b) Are members of different chromosome pairs
c) Are only inherited from the father
d) carry genetic information that influences the same traits (the same genes), however, each of the homologous chromosomes can contain different versions of the same gene (different alleles).

e) carry genetic information that influences different traits because each of the homologous chromosomes contains completely different genes at very different loci

How many chromosome pairs occur in a normal human somatic cell?

a) 46 b) 23 c) 22 d) 24 e) 45

What is the scientific method? Use bullet points to describe the 4 major components.

How is a hypothesis different from a theory?

List the four major components (described during class) necessary for natural selection to occur [AKA Darwinâs Four Postulates] (PDF1-3).

27. Who was Thomas Malthus? In what way(s) Malthus was influential for Darwinâs Theory of Natural Selection? Hint: populations vs resources.

29. What amino acids are being coded for by the gene segment provided below? Nucleotide triplets and their corresponding amino acids are:
ACA= Cysteine; AAA=Phenylalanine; TGG=Threonine; CCT=Glycine; GAT=Leucine; ATA=Tyrosine; AGG=Serine; TCT=Arginine

a) Threonine, serine, glycine, tyrosine, leucine, phenylalanine, arginine, cysteine.

b) Tyrosine, leucine, glycine, threonine, arginine, threonine, serine, cysteine.

c) Arginine, cysteine, serine, glycine, threonine, leucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine.

d) Phenylalanine, leucine, tyrosine, glycine, serine, threonine, cysteine, arginine.

e) Phenylalanine, leucine, tyrosine, glycine, threonine, phenylalanine, arginine, serine.

BIOLOGY 1M03 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Limb Development, Coccyx, Trilobite

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