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BIOLOGY 1M03 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Phylogenetic Tree, Phenetics, Even-Toed Ungulate

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School
McMaster University
Department
Biology
Course
BIOLOGY 1M03
Professor
Lovaye Kajiura

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Document Summary

Bio 1m: chapter 27: phylogeny and the history of life. Phylogeny s27. 1; bioskills 3 (back of book) and how biological processes work. What are some prominent groups that are not clades: sister taxa can be a useful way of thinking about trees. All descendants of the ancestor must be in the group. Two taxa that share a common node. You need to take the whole taxon, when appropriate. , sisters of: homo sapiens; homo erectus; humans: e. g, the tree indicates the pattern of branching of lineages (evolving lines, tips are assumed by the model to be monophyletic, a tree is a model of how evolution occurred. Trees that correspond to the same model are considered equivalent : except for the branching pattern, we don"t interpret anything about the order of a tree. Phenetic approaches use measures of distance between organisms. Cladistic approaches are based on modeling how evolution occurs on the tree.

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Related Questions

What problems does horizontal gene transfer cause for evolutionary biologists?

It can make reconstruction of phylogenetic trees difficult because it can obscure phylogenetic relationships.
It can cause physiological problems in some organisms, making it hard to study them.
It can make breeding between different individuals of the same species difficult.
Because it is transfer of genes between the same species, it can make individuals look more similar than they actually are.

All of the above

Which statement best describes the maximum parsimony approach to the reconstruction of phylogenetic trees?

A pathway is constructed that requires the minimum number of changes to arrive at the modern species from a common ancestor.
The tree is based on relationships that show the maximum probability of obtaining a set of characteristics.
Relationships on the tree are based on overall similarity between species.
Branches on the tree are constructed from the predicted date of speciation, measured in millions of years.
The best phylogeny is selected by comparing models representing random mutation and adaptive radiation.

Evolution and Speciation

Define evolution. Why is it inaccurate for creationists to tout evolution as “just a theory”? (Think about what theory actually means in scientific terms vs. the use of the word “theory” in casual conversations).

Explain what the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium shows and describe the conditions necessary for the equilibrium to be maintained.

Explain what factors cause populations to diverge from the Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium and how each factor causes the change.

Describe how species evolve via natural selection. (Be sure to discuss the key aspects of natural selection: variation, heredity differential survival and reproductive success in your answer).

What does speciation mean and how can it occur?

What does adaptation mean? Why is natural selection the only agent of evolutionary change that leads to adaptation? (Think about how natural selection works).

Is natural selection all powerful? Can it create any variation that you or I could think of? Why or why not?

Differentiate between natural and sexual selection.

What is reproductive isolation?

Describe prezygotic and postzygotic mechanisms of reproductive isolation and explain how they can contribute to speciation.

Distinguish between allopatric and sympatric speciation and explain how each leads to new species.

What is adaptive radiation?

Be able to read and interpret phylogenetic trees: be able to determine which species are most closely related to each other, what nodes represent, where common ancestors would be located, etc.

What are paraphyletic, polyphyletic and monophyletic groups within a phylogeny?