LING 200 Lecture Notes - Lecture 7: Morphophonology, English Plurals, Underspecification
23 Jun 2018
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-Step 1 and 2: transcribe and nucleus formation
-Step 3: onset formation: str
-Step 4: coda formation: n and kt (ct) are a leftover consonants
-Step 5: word level construction
Ex. instruct - 2 syllables
-Stress: a prominence relation
-Phonetic correlates of stress: pitch contour, length and/or loudness
-The language particular rules determine where word stress falls are usually sensitive to
syllabification
-Consequences of word stress in English: vowels are reduced to schwa e backwards, when
unstressed, but maintained when stressed
-Stress and vowel pronunciation in English
-The big dots represent stressed syllables
-Vowels in unstressed syllables are pronounced as [<->]
-The english vowel reduction rule
-Observation: are permitted only in syllables bearing stress (primary or secondary) in english
-English vowel reduction rule: vowel [e backwards] when occurring in unstressed o
-Summary of syllabic phonology
-Phonemes are grouped together into syllables
-The syllabification rules are universal
-Onsets are favoured over codas
-What counts as a possible onset depends on each language’s particular phonotactic
constraints
-Revisit dark ‘l’
-Hypothesis 1: when occurring in word final position
-Revise: when occurring in —> think syllable structure
-Syllabify the phonemic representations
-At the end of the syllable: - the Coda position
-Revised hypothesis 1: when it occurs in the coda
-Revisit rule of voiceless stop aspiration
-Rule of aspiration (1st hypothesis)
-Voiceless stops are aspirated, when occurring at the beginning of a word
-Testing hypothesis 1: there are a number of words that have voiceless stops that are not in the
initial position. Prediction: they are all un-aspirated. Phonetic form: almost always aspirated.
-Do we need to revise our rule?
-Yes! “word initial position” is too simplistic
-Hypothesis 2: voiceless stops are aspirated when preceding a stressed vowel
Testing hypothesis 2
-Again, we need to revise!!
-Again, think syllable!
-Revising aspiration rule:
-Syllabify the phonemic representations ( . = syllable break)
-Hypothesis 3: voiceless stops are aspirated when occurring in initial position of a stressed
syllable
-Summary: phonology
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Document Summary
Step 1 and 2: transcribe and nucleus formation. Step 4: coda formation: n and kt (ct) are a leftover consonants. Phonetic correlates of stress: pitch contour, length and/or loudness. The language particular rules determine where word stress falls are usually sensitive to syllabification. Consequences of word stress in english: vowels are reduced to schwa e backwards, when unstressed, but maintained when stressed. Vowels in unstressed syllables are pronounced as [] Observation: are permitted only in syllables bearing stress (primary or secondary) in english. English vowel reduction rule: vowel [e backwards] when occurring in unstressed o. What counts as a possible onset depends on each language"s particular phonotactic constraints. Hypothesis 1: when occurring in word final position. Revise: when occurring in > think syllable structure. At the end of the syllable: - the coda position. Revised hypothesis 1: when it occurs in the coda. Voiceless stops are aspirated, when occurring at the beginning of a word.
