LING 200 Lecture 22: 22
Wednesday, December 6th, 2017
Final Exam Review
Some general concepts
Generative grammar
• A generative grammar is a model of a language grammar which produces
• all the grammatical sentences in a language
• But none of the ungrammatical sentences of language
Phonology
Characteristics of consonants
• Consonant – a sound speech sound produced by stopping or severely
constricting the airflow in the vocal tract.
1. Place of articulation refers to the position in the vocal tract where the airflow is constricted.
2. Manner of articulation refers to the degree to which airflow is obstructed during the
articulation of a consonant
3. Voicing refers to whether or not the vocal cords are vibrating or still during the articulation of
a sound
(English) Consonants
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Place of articulation
Manner of articulation
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find more resources at oneclass.com
Voicing
Characteristics of vowels
• Vowels are formed with a relatively open vocal tract.• This causes the vocal tract to function
as a resonating chamber • Characteristics
• Backness - the position of the tongue relative to the back of the mouth.
• height - the vertical position of the tongue relative to the roof of the mouth
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Document Summary
Generative grammar: a generative grammar is a model of a language grammar which produces, all the grammatical sentences in a language, but none of the ungrammatical sentences of language. Vowels - tongue backness: vowels differ in the position of the tongue body during articulation (front, central, back) Vowels tongue height: vowels also differ vertical position of the tongue relative to the roof of the mouth and openness of the lips. Vowels lip rounding: the lips can be rounded in some vowels. Vowels where this occurs are known as rounded vowels. No: [t] [th] stare, rats to, two, atop, atomic. Atom, at ease that, cat, didn"t, want, at, pot (voiceless alveolar stop) (aspirated voiceless alveolar (alveolar flap) (glottal stop) stop) Phonemes vs. allophones phonemes are written in forward slashes = / : phonemic transcription = /k t/ allophones are written in brackets = [ , phonetic transcription = [kh ]
