HIST 249 Lecture Notes - Lecture 19: Gerhard Domagk, Jonas Salk, Norman Heatley
17 Nov 2016
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Among main developments: gradual biologization of medicine; increasing dominance of basic science , spread of technologies, growing role of state and demands for health care-health insurance, dominance of clinical trials and eventually clinical guidelines, risk factors (last 2 statistical) New diseases or resisting chemicals that usually kill them. Bacteriological innovations (non-surgical: causation of many diseases established, & diagnosis. Diphtheria antitoxin (von behring 1890s: typhus vaccination (1910s, salvarsan-specific against syphilis. (ehrlich) Infectious diseases: 1932: gerhard domagk & pasteur institute: bacteriostatic suphonamides for streptococci, may & baker m&b 693 for pneumococci. 1928: alexander fleming, discovers that penicillin mold destroys gram- positive bacteria without harming healthy tissue or impeding white-cell function. Jonas salk (killed vaccine) vs alfred sabin (live attenuated vaccine) Bottom line: vital functions become measurable physical phenomena* translated into lines or numbers. A new kind of ray : x-rays discovered by physicist wilhelm r ntgen in 1895.
