HIST 214 Lecture Notes - Lecture 14: Lorenzo Valla, Declamation, List Of Literary Cycles
19 Jun 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
Renaissance
Renaissance starts in the late middle ages
-
There is an overlap between what people consider the renaissance and the late
middle ages
Renaissance literature coexists with middle ages literature
○
-
Cycle of renewal that happens in Europe on a regular basis
Literary and artistic cycles of renewal
○
Gothic architecture
○
-
Reform of the church, meant to be in the same line of the Gregorian reform and
the Fransicans (efforts to clean up the church and erradicate corruption)
-
Ideas of the renaissance
Rebirth of the arts and letters (new discoveries, progress?)
Revival of, and return to, the techniques and values of the ancient
generally (in art, building, philosophy)
§
Revival of particular strands of Ancient though, such as Roman
republicanism, or Platonic philosophy
§
○
Humanism
Humanism is not a secularism in our period (not yet)
Reorganization of intellectual study (study of people rather
than other subjects such as theology)
□
History is becoming popular
□
§
Humanists are teachers of litterae humaniores (or studia
humanitatis) = Classics (grammar; rhetoric/poetry; history; moral
philosophy)
Creating critical editions of texts (not accepting closest
manuscript, but doing enough research to understand the
original version of the text that you are working with)
□
People are becoming more critical of information
□
§
Pre law training, dictatores = rhetoric teachers
§
Humanist methods can impact other areas (religious studies)
§
Lorenzo Valla (1407 - 1457), On the Donation of Constantine [De
falso credita et ementita Constantini Donatione declamatio]
Does a linguistic analysis of word themselves □
Words being used are not correct and do not go with the
language that the source claims to be from
□
One of the ways that the papacy came to power is a forgery □
Reconsideration of what is truth is evident in these
documents
□
§
Erasmus, translation of New Testament (1516), In Praise of Folly
(1515)
§
○
-
Gutenberg
Questioning the transmission of ideas of the bible
○
Johannes Gutenberg (Mainz, C. 1398 - 1468)
○
1439: Invests press with moveable metal type
From parchment (vellum) to paper (cloth-based)
§
"Incunabular" printed books up to 1500
§
West came into common contact with paper in the 12th century
§
○
Cheap paper and cheap words means that the text by the humanists will
be able to spread faster
○
-
Effects of print
As important as the computer age
○
Dissemination of information on a scale that has never happened before
Authorities cannot act fast enough in intervene
§
○
There is standardization of texts
When you create thousands of copies, there is a need for the copies
to be the same
§
○
Ways texts are presented are changed
There is less marginalia
§
○
Effects on religion, science, literature (bible)
○
Manuscript and print coexist; scribal publication continues
○
Print and the image (woodcuts, engravings)
○
Rise of a literate population
There is a demand for books in vernacular
§
Contributes to rise of vernacular literatures
§
Promote lay literacy as well which gives us a more educated public
§
○
-
Europe's reformations
Two main reform movements (Luther and Calvin)
There are literally hundreds, but these two are the biggest
§
○
The reform movement overlaps with the world of humanist movement
especially in Northern European universities
Humanistic movement is about re-examining the role of literacy in
society
§
Man oriented view of the universe
§
Erasmus in Northern Europe used to as a guide to reform Christian
Society
§
○
-
Reform before reformation
Long tradition of calls for reform of clerical abuses
○
Ultimate authority: pope or council?
Conciliar movement, 14th - 15th centuries in Germany, anti-
Papalism rising
§
Mid 15th century on Crisis of authority
§
The problem of tradition authority in spiritual matters rests with the
Church's tradition but the tradition is divided
§
Divided by its quest for power (Waldensians and Cathars have
strong criticism of the church in this way)
§
○
Doctrinal definition and innovation
Much of what reformation attacks had only been defined as church
doctrine since 1200 (clarified with 4th Lateran council)
§
Divinely inspired traditions over time
§
Church's responsibility to interpret Christianity for the masses
§
○
Erasumus "monkery is not piety"
○
Create a linguistic community that is capable of telling the community of
what the bible is (university of Alcala)
Hebrew, Greek, Latin scholars are used to translate the bible
§
Latin translation was supposed to be final
§
Challenge to Church authority and questioning
§
○
New spiritual movement in 15th century
Women living in convents
§
Reflects a growly self aware urban population
§
"Brethren of the Common life" taking spirituality in to their own
hands, they are guiding their own souls to salvation
§
Creating the possibility for reform (fertile terrain for reform ideas)
§
○
-
Lutheran reformation
He himself is a member of the church and proposes debates
○
Doctrinal background
Doctrines he attacks:
The sacraments □
The idea of good works □
Sacrifice □
The Mass (Eucharist) □
Transubstantation
Re-examination of concept of consubstatiation
®
Faith of the belivers transforms themselves, not the
preist
®
Comingle
®
□
Purgatory and indulgences
People give money to the priest and exchange they get
days off
®
□
§
Opens up questioning the validity of the clergy himself
§
Believes that the only thing that brings people to salvation is faith
(direct contact with biblical texts)
§
Criticize the efforts of the church to enrich itself off of the sins of
Christians
§
○
He is a monk who teaches theology at the University of Wittenberg
○
October 1517: the indulgence crisis
Luther posts his 95 theses against indulgences at Wittenberg
§
Rapid development of Lutheran movement because the printing
press comes in and prints his theses to circulate to the Germany
society
§
He is expressing the doubts that other people have had about the
corruption of the church
§
○
-
Key Doctrinal Points
Justification by faith alone (salvation comes from faith as opposed to good
works or sacraments, etc.)
Questioning the validity of confessions
§
All people are united in this Christian identity
§
Ideas of celibacy and literacy was supposed to set them apart
§
○
Scripture as only basis for doctrine, as for liturgy (sola scriptura)
○
-
Factors in the spread of Lutheran message
Importance of print: pamhplet literature, German language, use of
woodcut images
○
Importance of preaching: networks of protestsant preachers moving
around Germany
○
Factors in the success: Decisions by City councils and rulers (Princes)
○
-
Why do Burghers and Princes embrace the reform of (Lutheran/Protestant
movement?
Seeing the rise of stronger states
○
Controlling more territories
○
-
Pre-existing hostility to the papacy and to Empire; intricacies of Imperial politics
-
Desire to secure their local rights and privileges
-
Protestant preaching persuasive (spiritual needs of people?)
-
Political developments
Luther is protected by one of the most powerful men in the Holy Roman Empire
(Frederick III, the Elector of Saxony)
-
Importance of imperial cities
Trickling down of ideas to the peasantry itself
○
-
Massive civil war that erupts from the peasantry across Germany (Peasants' War
1524-26)
Defends individual beliefs but also defends state against more radical
rebels
○
-
1555 Peace of Augusburg
Fight themselves to a stand still
○
There is an agreement (truce) that recognizes the rights of the rulers
themselves to choose their religion
○
Coexistence between protestants and Catholics
There are states where they enforce the religion of the state which
starts conflicts
§
○
-
Other reformers
Radical reformation (Munster Anabaptists 1535)
Baptized again
§
Refuse to take oaths, seen as a spiritual danger (church) and secular
danger (rulers)
§
○
Other reformers (Zwingli, Melanchthon, et al.)
Transformation is symbolic
§
Symbol of the change is important for people's faith
§
○
Calvin and Calvinism
○
Lutheranism and Calvinism become the main two forms of Protestantism
by the 1590s
○
Continual Schism and Sectarian divisions
○
-
Jean Calvin (1509-1564)
France and then Geneva (he is protected in Geneva)
Ruler of Geneva with the city council
§
Implementation of protestant vision in society
§
Equivalent of inquisition
§
○
Institutions of the Christian religion
○
Predestination (double)
God knows everything and is all powerful, he can decide everything
§
God at the beginning of time already knew at the beginning of time
who would go to heaven and hell and free will is irrelevant
§
Demonstrations of faith may be a sign of God's decision
§
○
Calvinism as main alternative to Lutheranism
○
(Scotland, Geneva Holland, England)
○
-
Catholic reform or Counter-Reformation
They get to keep the name, Catholic name is universal
○
Reform implies:
Too little too late, denial on part of the papacy for the potential of
reform movement
§
Spontaneous reform movement
§
Reform of religious orders
§
Reform of pastoral care, etc.
§
○
Counter reformation implies:
Response to protestants on doctrine in diplomacy
Council of Trent as key event 1545-1563□
§
○
-
Reform
Reform of traditional orders
Teresa of Avila and the Carmelites
§
Bring into line with ideas who are more relevant
§
Create a new menastic order (Jesuits) under the leadership of
Ignatius Loyola
§
○
New orders: The Jesuits
Ignatius Loyola
Spiritual exercises □
§
Jesuit schools (the Ratio studiorum)
Jesuits - society of clerks regular □
Act as priests □
Propagating the faith by:
Spirital direction, preaching, charity, education
®
□
Absolute obedience to Papacy and superiors
Exist outside of hierarchy to the church
®
Instrumental missionizing throughout the world - as far
as China
®
□
Corporate and personal poverty □
§
○
-
Catholic response to Luther
Sola fide (faith alone)
Good works necessary precondition of salvation
§
○
Sola scruptura (scripture alone)
Tradition affirmed as source of religious truth, with scripture
§
○
Priesthood of all believers
Affirms clerical celibacy, sacraments, apostolic succession
§
○
-
Confessionalization
Peace of augustburn
○
Whose realm, his religion
○
Religion and state policy
○
Religious wars and proto-national identity
○
Fragementation of nation states
○
Problems of puralism and poleration
○
-
Lecture 14 - Rebirth and Reformation
Tuesday, November 14, 2017
2:30 PM
Renaissance
Renaissance starts in the late middle ages
-
There is an overlap between what people consider the renaissance and the late
middle ages
Renaissance literature coexists with middle ages literature
○
-
Cycle of renewal that happens in Europe on a regular basis
Literary and artistic cycles of renewal
○
Gothic architecture
○
-
Reform of the church, meant to be in the same line of the Gregorian reform and
the Fransicans (efforts to clean up the church and erradicate corruption)
-
Ideas of the renaissance
Rebirth of the arts and letters (new discoveries, progress?)
Revival of, and return to, the techniques and values of the ancient
generally (in art, building, philosophy)
§
Revival of particular strands of Ancient though, such as Roman
republicanism, or Platonic philosophy
§
○
Humanism
Humanism is not a secularism in our period (not yet)
Reorganization of intellectual study (study of people rather
than other subjects such as theology)
□
History is becoming popular □
§
Humanists are teachers of litterae humaniores (or studia
humanitatis) = Classics (grammar; rhetoric/poetry; history; moral
philosophy)
Creating critical editions of texts (not accepting closest
manuscript, but doing enough research to understand the
original version of the text that you are working with)
□
People are becoming more critical of information □
§
Pre law training, dictatores = rhetoric teachers
§
Humanist methods can impact other areas (religious studies)
§
Lorenzo Valla (1407 - 1457), On the Donation of Constantine [De
falso credita et ementita Constantini Donatione declamatio]
Does a linguistic analysis of word themselves
□
Words being used are not correct and do not go with the
language that the source claims to be from
□
One of the ways that the papacy came to power is a forgery
□
Reconsideration of what is truth is evident in these
documents
□
§
Erasmus, translation of New Testament (1516), In Praise of Folly
(1515)
§
○
-
Gutenberg
Questioning the transmission of ideas of the bible
○
Johannes Gutenberg (Mainz, C. 1398 - 1468)
○
1439: Invests press with moveable metal type
From parchment (vellum) to paper (cloth-based)
§
"Incunabular" printed books up to 1500
§
West came into common contact with paper in the 12th century
§
○
Cheap paper and cheap words means that the text by the humanists will
be able to spread faster
○
-
Effects of print
As important as the computer age
○
Dissemination of information on a scale that has never happened before
Authorities cannot act fast enough in intervene
§
○
There is standardization of texts
When you create thousands of copies, there is a need for the copies
to be the same
§
○
Ways texts are presented are changed
There is less marginalia
§
○
Effects on religion, science, literature (bible)
○
Manuscript and print coexist; scribal publication continues
○
Print and the image (woodcuts, engravings)
○
Rise of a literate population
There is a demand for books in vernacular
§
Contributes to rise of vernacular literatures
§
Promote lay literacy as well which gives us a more educated public
§
○
-
Europe's reformations
Two main reform movements (Luther and Calvin)
There are literally hundreds, but these two are the biggest
§
○
The reform movement overlaps with the world of humanist movement
especially in Northern European universities
Humanistic movement is about re-examining the role of literacy in
society
§
Man oriented view of the universe
§
Erasmus in Northern Europe used to as a guide to reform Christian
Society
§
○
-
Reform before reformation
Long tradition of calls for reform of clerical abuses
○
Ultimate authority: pope or council?
Conciliar movement, 14th - 15th centuries in Germany, anti-
Papalism rising
§
Mid 15th century on Crisis of authority
§
The problem of tradition authority in spiritual matters rests with the
Church's tradition but the tradition is divided
§
Divided by its quest for power (Waldensians and Cathars have
strong criticism of the church in this way)
§
○
Doctrinal definition and innovation
Much of what reformation attacks had only been defined as church
doctrine since 1200 (clarified with 4th Lateran council)
§
Divinely inspired traditions over time
§
Church's responsibility to interpret Christianity for the masses
§
○
Erasumus "monkery is not piety"
○
Create a linguistic community that is capable of telling the community of
what the bible is (university of Alcala)
Hebrew, Greek, Latin scholars are used to translate the bible
§
Latin translation was supposed to be final
§
Challenge to Church authority and questioning
§
○
New spiritual movement in 15th century
Women living in convents
§
Reflects a growly self aware urban population
§
"Brethren of the Common life" taking spirituality in to their own
hands, they are guiding their own souls to salvation
§
Creating the possibility for reform (fertile terrain for reform ideas)
§
○
-
Lutheran reformation
He himself is a member of the church and proposes debates
○
Doctrinal background
Doctrines he attacks:
The sacraments □
The idea of good works □
Sacrifice □
The Mass (Eucharist) □
Transubstantation
Re-examination of concept of consubstatiation
®
Faith of the belivers transforms themselves, not the
preist
®
Comingle
®
□
Purgatory and indulgences
People give money to the priest and exchange they get
days off
®
□
§
Opens up questioning the validity of the clergy himself
§
Believes that the only thing that brings people to salvation is faith
(direct contact with biblical texts)
§
Criticize the efforts of the church to enrich itself off of the sins of
Christians
§
○
He is a monk who teaches theology at the University of Wittenberg
○
October 1517: the indulgence crisis
Luther posts his 95 theses against indulgences at Wittenberg
§
Rapid development of Lutheran movement because the printing
press comes in and prints his theses to circulate to the Germany
society
§
He is expressing the doubts that other people have had about the
corruption of the church
§
○
-
Key Doctrinal Points
Justification by faith alone (salvation comes from faith as opposed to good
works or sacraments, etc.)
Questioning the validity of confessions
§
All people are united in this Christian identity
§
Ideas of celibacy and literacy was supposed to set them apart
§
○
Scripture as only basis for doctrine, as for liturgy (sola scriptura)
○
-
Factors in the spread of Lutheran message
Importance of print: pamhplet literature, German language, use of
woodcut images
○
Importance of preaching: networks of protestsant preachers moving
around Germany
○
Factors in the success: Decisions by City councils and rulers (Princes)
○
-
Why do Burghers and Princes embrace the reform of (Lutheran/Protestant
movement?
Seeing the rise of stronger states
○
Controlling more territories
○
-
Pre-existing hostility to the papacy and to Empire; intricacies of Imperial politics
-
Desire to secure their local rights and privileges
-
Protestant preaching persuasive (spiritual needs of people?)
-
Political developments
Luther is protected by one of the most powerful men in the Holy Roman Empire
(Frederick III, the Elector of Saxony)
-
Importance of imperial cities
Trickling down of ideas to the peasantry itself
○
-
Massive civil war that erupts from the peasantry across Germany (Peasants' War
1524-26)
Defends individual beliefs but also defends state against more radical
rebels
○
-
1555 Peace of Augusburg
Fight themselves to a stand still
○
There is an agreement (truce) that recognizes the rights of the rulers
themselves to choose their religion
○
Coexistence between protestants and Catholics
There are states where they enforce the religion of the state which
starts conflicts
§
○
-
Other reformers
Radical reformation (Munster Anabaptists 1535)
Baptized again
§
Refuse to take oaths, seen as a spiritual danger (church) and secular
danger (rulers)
§
○
Other reformers (Zwingli, Melanchthon, et al.)
Transformation is symbolic
§
Symbol of the change is important for people's faith
§
○
Calvin and Calvinism
○
Lutheranism and Calvinism become the main two forms of Protestantism
by the 1590s
○
Continual Schism and Sectarian divisions
○
-
Jean Calvin (1509-1564)
France and then Geneva (he is protected in Geneva)
Ruler of Geneva with the city council
§
Implementation of protestant vision in society
§
Equivalent of inquisition
§
○
Institutions of the Christian religion
○
Predestination (double)
God knows everything and is all powerful, he can decide everything
§
God at the beginning of time already knew at the beginning of time
who would go to heaven and hell and free will is irrelevant
§
Demonstrations of faith may be a sign of God's decision
§
○
Calvinism as main alternative to Lutheranism
○
(Scotland, Geneva Holland, England)
○
-
Catholic reform or Counter-Reformation
They get to keep the name, Catholic name is universal
○
Reform implies:
Too little too late, denial on part of the papacy for the potential of
reform movement
§
Spontaneous reform movement
§
Reform of religious orders
§
Reform of pastoral care, etc.
§
○
Counter reformation implies:
Response to protestants on doctrine in diplomacy
Council of Trent as key event 1545-1563□
§
○
-
Reform
Reform of traditional orders
Teresa of Avila and the Carmelites
§
Bring into line with ideas who are more relevant
§
Create a new menastic order (Jesuits) under the leadership of
Ignatius Loyola
§
○
New orders: The Jesuits
Ignatius Loyola
Spiritual exercises □
§
Jesuit schools (the Ratio studiorum)
Jesuits - society of clerks regular □
Act as priests □
Propagating the faith by:
Spirital direction, preaching, charity, education
®
□
Absolute obedience to Papacy and superiors
Exist outside of hierarchy to the church
®
Instrumental missionizing throughout the world - as far
as China
®
□
Corporate and personal poverty □
§
○
-
Catholic response to Luther
Sola fide (faith alone)
Good works necessary precondition of salvation
§
○
Sola scruptura (scripture alone)
Tradition affirmed as source of religious truth, with scripture
§
○
Priesthood of all believers
Affirms clerical celibacy, sacraments, apostolic succession
§
○
-
Confessionalization
Peace of augustburn
○
Whose realm, his religion
○
Religion and state policy
○
Religious wars and proto-national identity
○
Fragementation of nation states
○
Problems of puralism and poleration
○
-
Lecture 14 - Rebirth and Reformation
Tuesday, November 14, 2017 2:30 PM
Document Summary
There is an overlap between what people consider the renaissance and the late middle ages. Cycle of renewal that happens in europe on a regular basis. Reform of the church, meant to be in the same line of the gregorian reform and the fransicans (efforts to clean up the church and erradicate corruption) Rebirth of the arts and letters (new discoveries, progress?) Revival of, and return to, the techniques and values of the ancient generally (in art, building, philosophy) Revival of particular strands of ancient though, such as roman republicanism, or platonic philosophy. Humanism is not a secularism in our period (not yet) Reorganization of intellectual study (study of people rather than other subjects such as theology) Humanists are teachers of litterae humaniores (or studia humanitatis) = classics (grammar; rhetoric/poetry; history; moral philosophy) Creating critical editions of texts (not accepting closest manuscript, but doing enough research to understand the original version of the text that you are working with)
