HIST 214 Lecture Notes - Lecture 15: Henry Iii Of France, Bohemian Revolt, Geuzen
19 Jun 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
The Forge of Turmoil
Reformation + Wars of Religion = Disintegration of Christendom
-
Reformation + Wars of Religion = Crises of Sovereignty
-
Doubt and Skepticism
Religious legitimacy is questioned because large parts of the
population doubt the king and the religion he uses to bolster his
legitimacy
○
Is the monarch worthy of ruling? (tyranny)
Consolidation of power because they erradicate religious
dissident within their kingdoms
§
Build a state to fight the wars
§
○
New way of knowing that is being proposed (literature)
○
Europe is no longer the center of the world
○
-
Obstacles to Toleration?
Religion a matter of community allegiance
Your social, family, community networks are built into the concept of
religious identity (parish, school, ceremonies - marriage, baptism,
death)
○
Causes people to question their own identities
○
-
"Personalized" state means loyalty to prince = loyalty to his religion
-
Religious authority justifies prince's power (legitimacy)
If you are going to tolerate other religions in your territory, you have
to tolerate them in a way that they don’t support your own political
legitimacy
○
-
Resistance to prince takes the form of religious dissidence
Example: Dutch revolt
○
Tied in to acts of rebellion
○
Certain groups will adopt or convert to oppose other factions within a
city
Lyon: Guild masters (protestants) excluded the journeymen
from their shops, journeymen formed their own union
§
In order to rebel the journeymen converted to Catholicism to
openly oppose the guild masters
Push back against the authorities and resists the power of
the monarch
□
§
○
-
Religion is a political problem
-
Composite Monarchy
Chares V (b. 1500 - d. 1558)
-
Grandson of Ferdinand and Isabela; but born in Ghent
-
United the Spanish, Burgundian and Austrian Habsburg lines
-
Duke of Burgundy 1506
-
King of Spain (including Sicily, Naples, + East and West Indies) 1516
-
Archduke of Austria 1519
-
Holy Roman Emperor (elected in 1519)
Crowned 1530
○
Abdicates and retires in 1556
○
-
Dutch Revolts
Elites reclaiming rights, contesting taxes, against Spanish governors
-
Religious divide (Calvinism)
-
Charles V abdicates 1556; Philip I takes over
-
80 years war, 1568 - 1648
-
Foreign state involvement
-
Spanish monarchy has a problem of inflaction as they bring in too much
silver from the new world
Used as a proxy war against the Habsburg gamily - Holy Roman
Empire
○
Not just a political revolt it is also religious
○
Violent forms of iconociasm - Calvanizing religious structures, getting
rid of wealth
○
-
Geuzen = Geux (not the same)
-
Sea beggars
-
Huguenots and La Rochelle
-
Sacred Piracy
-
Sovereign Piracy
As a form of revolt against the Spanish monarchy, the Dutch (beggars)
○
Alliance that emerges between the Dutch Calvanists (sea beggers)
and the Huguenots of France who have control over the main ports of
France (main port = La Rochelle)
○
Piracy is a way to advance Protestant identity, finance the wars of
religion (loot that they capture)
○
-
General features of the French Wars
France: ruling elite divided along religious lines
Using minor people in the family to be in charge of certain territories
○
-
Monarchy - nobility tension; monarchs weakened by minority reigns
(regencies) - conflict over succession
Regencies is an opportunity for elite nobility to assert itself
○
Monarchy doesn't have authority to face down the elite nobility
○
Open revolt by elite nobility towards the French monarchs
○
-
Large noble family alliances form factions (Guises lead Catholics; Bourbons
lead Protestants) - patrons and clients
Efforts to control the crown and interrupt the succession for the
crown
○
Political networks they have built up over generations
○
-
Can the kingdom tolerate multiple faiths? Can a protestant become king?
(principle of legitimate succession vs. idea of Catholic kingdom)
-
Doctrinaire vs. politique
People who are capable of compromise and finding solutions not to
the extreme of one way or another
○
Politiques don't please anyone and allow too much tolerance for the
Calvanists and Guegenots and displease Catholic nobility
○
If they don't go too much into tolerance they will provoke discontent
among the relgious minority
○
-
International dimensions (Calvanism; Spain - Neths)
-
Tyrannicide and political assassination
-
Early phases of the wars
1559: King Hentry dies; his heir, Francis II is a minor; regency of his uncles
the Guises
Francois, duc de Guise, and his brother Charles, cardinal of Loraine);
Francis II dies 1560
○
-
Resentment of Catherine because she doesn't recognize the other
possibilites of a state
Turns her back on the monarchy
○
-
1560: Charles IX a minor, regency of Catherine de Medicis (tries to
conciliate w. Protestants) - edict of St-Germaine (toleration 1562) -
provokes catholic
-
Wars 1562-62, 1567-70
-
August 1572: Marriage of Henri de Navarre (Bourbon) to Marguerite de
Valois (sister of all the kings who can't make kids and die)
He is a Huguenot
○
Protestant elites at the wedding end up getting killed
This is seen as the green like for the Paraisian population to
attack Protestants that have come to Paris
§
○
-
1572:: St. Bartholemew's day massacre (of Protestants) 23 - 24 August
-
Late Phase
1576: Formation of the catholic league by the Guise (in reaction to
tolerationist measures by Henri III)
-
Revolte by Guise/the league vs. King Henri III (for being too moderate
towards Protestants)
-
1584: death of king's younger brother (Anjou) makes Henri de Navarre the
legal heir (Protestant) - a war of succession (Spanish intevention)
-
1589: Catholic campaign against Henri III continues: Sorbonne declares him
deposed: he is assasinated by a friar in August
Henri de Navarre becomes Henri IV (converts to Catholocism in 1593)
○
-
League makes peace 1596-98
-
Edict of Nantes (tolerance of protestants)
-
Thirty Years' War (1618- 48)
Fought mainly in Germany (15-30% of the population killed in some areas)
-
Last war of religion? Emperor & Spain vs. rest
-
Bohemian revolt against emperor in 1618
-
Power struggle in central Europe as various states join Bohemian rebels
-
Spain attacks rebels in Rhineland in 1620
-
Peace of Westphalia (1648)
-
Peace of Westphalia
First diplomatic congress 1643-49
Diplomats and rulers who come together
○
-
Treaties of Munster and Osnabruck between Dutch Republic and Spain;
Empire and France; Empire and Sweden
-
France and Spain remain at war until 1659
-
Emperor concedes power to the Princes within the Empire
-
Cujus rejo, euis religio (Augsburg 1555) reaffirmed; Calvanism recognized;
minority religions tolerated in the Empire
-
Dutch independence recognized by Spain
-
Swedes gain lands in Germany and imperial voting rights
-
Westphalia is a symbol of a system of equal sovereign states with no supra-
national structure
-
Rise of the territorial state
Clearly defined territories
○
National borders (lines that we see on the maps)
○
Clear idea of what sovereignty is
State has total claim to legitimate violence
§
States have a stronger claim to dominance over their territories
§
○
Fiscal military states
Use idea of sovereignty as a way to protect their power against
their citizens and their rivals across Europe
§
○
-
Of cannibals (source)
Skepticism
He called himself a skeptic; could never be completely certain of
anything
○
-
Doubt in received texts and tradition
-
Doubt in the transmission of knowledge
-
Natural law and the noble savage
-
Foil/s
-
**Group is an event, something that happens
Religious ritual creates a group identity that brings people together
Lecture 15 -Sixteenth-Century Turmoil and the end of Christendom
Tuesday, November 21, 2017
2:34 PM
The Forge of Turmoil
Reformation + Wars of Religion = Disintegration of Christendom
-
Reformation + Wars of Religion = Crises of Sovereignty
-
Doubt and Skepticism
Religious legitimacy is questioned because large parts of the
population doubt the king and the religion he uses to bolster his
legitimacy
○
Is the monarch worthy of ruling? (tyranny)
Consolidation of power because they erradicate religious
dissident within their kingdoms
§
Build a state to fight the wars
§
○
New way of knowing that is being proposed (literature)
○
Europe is no longer the center of the world
○
-
Obstacles to Toleration?
Religion a matter of community allegiance
Your social, family, community networks are built into the concept of
religious identity (parish, school, ceremonies - marriage, baptism,
death)
○
Causes people to question their own identities
○
-
"Personalized" state means loyalty to prince = loyalty to his religion
-
Religious authority justifies prince's power (legitimacy)
If you are going to tolerate other religions in your territory, you have
to tolerate them in a way that they don’t support your own political
legitimacy
○
-
Resistance to prince takes the form of religious dissidence
Example: Dutch revolt
○
Tied in to acts of rebellion
○
Certain groups will adopt or convert to oppose other factions within a
city
Lyon: Guild masters (protestants) excluded the journeymen
from their shops, journeymen formed their own union
§
In order to rebel the journeymen converted to Catholicism to
openly oppose the guild masters
Push back against the authorities and resists the power of
the monarch
□
§
○
-
Religion is a political problem
-
Composite Monarchy
Chares V (b. 1500 - d. 1558)
-
Grandson of Ferdinand and Isabela; but born in Ghent
-
United the Spanish, Burgundian and Austrian Habsburg lines
-
Duke of Burgundy 1506
-
King of Spain (including Sicily, Naples, + East and West Indies) 1516
-
Archduke of Austria 1519
-
Holy Roman Emperor (elected in 1519)
Crowned 1530
○
Abdicates and retires in 1556
○
-
Dutch Revolts
Elites reclaiming rights, contesting taxes, against Spanish governors
-
Religious divide (Calvinism)
-
Charles V abdicates 1556; Philip I takes over
-
80 years war, 1568 - 1648
-
Foreign state involvement
-
Spanish monarchy has a problem of inflaction as they bring in too much
silver from the new world
Used as a proxy war against the Habsburg gamily - Holy Roman
Empire
○
Not just a political revolt it is also religious
○
Violent forms of iconociasm - Calvanizing religious structures, getting
rid of wealth
○
-
Geuzen = Geux (not the same)
-
Sea beggars
-
Huguenots and La Rochelle
-
Sacred Piracy
-
Sovereign Piracy
As a form of revolt against the Spanish monarchy, the Dutch (beggars)
○
Alliance that emerges between the Dutch Calvanists (sea beggers)
and the Huguenots of France who have control over the main ports of
France (main port = La Rochelle)
○
Piracy is a way to advance Protestant identity, finance the wars of
religion (loot that they capture)
○
-
General features of the French Wars
France: ruling elite divided along religious lines
Using minor people in the family to be in charge of certain territories
○
-
Monarchy - nobility tension; monarchs weakened by minority reigns
(regencies) - conflict over succession
Regencies is an opportunity for elite nobility to assert itself
○
Monarchy doesn't have authority to face down the elite nobility
○
Open revolt by elite nobility towards the French monarchs
○
-
Large noble family alliances form factions (Guises lead Catholics; Bourbons
lead Protestants) - patrons and clients
Efforts to control the crown and interrupt the succession for the
crown
○
Political networks they have built up over generations
○
-
Can the kingdom tolerate multiple faiths? Can a protestant become king?
(principle of legitimate succession vs. idea of Catholic kingdom)
-
Doctrinaire vs. politique
People who are capable of compromise and finding solutions not to
the extreme of one way or another
○
Politiques don't please anyone and allow too much tolerance for the
Calvanists and Guegenots and displease Catholic nobility
○
If they don't go too much into tolerance they will provoke discontent
among the relgious minority
○
-
International dimensions (Calvanism; Spain - Neths)
-
Tyrannicide and political assassination
-
Early phases of the wars
1559: King Hentry dies; his heir, Francis II is a minor; regency of his uncles
the Guises
Francois, duc de Guise, and his brother Charles, cardinal of Loraine);
Francis II dies 1560
○
-
Resentment of Catherine because she doesn't recognize the other
possibilites of a state
Turns her back on the monarchy
○
-
1560: Charles IX a minor, regency of Catherine de Medicis (tries to
conciliate w. Protestants) - edict of St-Germaine (toleration 1562) -
provokes catholic
-
Wars 1562-62, 1567-70
-
August 1572: Marriage of Henri de Navarre (Bourbon) to Marguerite de
Valois (sister of all the kings who can't make kids and die)
He is a Huguenot
○
Protestant elites at the wedding end up getting killed
This is seen as the green like for the Paraisian population to
attack Protestants that have come to Paris
§
○
-
1572:: St. Bartholemew's day massacre (of Protestants) 23 - 24 August
-
Late Phase
1576: Formation of the catholic league by the Guise (in reaction to
tolerationist measures by Henri III)
-
Revolte by Guise/the league vs. King Henri III (for being too moderate
towards Protestants)
-
1584: death of king's younger brother (Anjou) makes Henri de Navarre the
legal heir (Protestant) - a war of succession (Spanish intevention)
-
1589: Catholic campaign against Henri III continues: Sorbonne declares him
deposed: he is assasinated by a friar in August
Henri de Navarre becomes Henri IV (converts to Catholocism in 1593)
○
-
League makes peace 1596-98
-
Edict of Nantes (tolerance of protestants)
-
Thirty Years' War (1618- 48)
Fought mainly in Germany (15-30% of the population killed in some areas)
-
Last war of religion? Emperor & Spain vs. rest
-
Bohemian revolt against emperor in 1618
-
Power struggle in central Europe as various states join Bohemian rebels
-
Spain attacks rebels in Rhineland in 1620
-
Peace of Westphalia (1648)
-
Peace of Westphalia
First diplomatic congress 1643-49
Diplomats and rulers who come together
○
-
Treaties of Munster and Osnabruck between Dutch Republic and Spain;
Empire and France; Empire and Sweden
-
France and Spain remain at war until 1659
-
Emperor concedes power to the Princes within the Empire
-
Cujus rejo, euis religio (Augsburg 1555) reaffirmed; Calvanism recognized;
minority religions tolerated in the Empire
-
Dutch independence recognized by Spain
-
Swedes gain lands in Germany and imperial voting rights
-
Westphalia is a symbol of a system of equal sovereign states with no supra-
national structure
-
Rise of the territorial state
Clearly defined territories
○
National borders (lines that we see on the maps)
○
Clear idea of what sovereignty is
State has total claim to legitimate violence
§
States have a stronger claim to dominance over their territories
§
○
Fiscal military states
Use idea of sovereignty as a way to protect their power against
their citizens and their rivals across Europe
§
○
-
Of cannibals (source)
Skepticism
He called himself a skeptic; could never be completely certain of
anything
○
-
Doubt in received texts and tradition
-
Doubt in the transmission of knowledge
-
Natural law and the noble savage
-
Foil/s
-
**Group is an event, something that happens
Religious ritual creates a group identity that brings people together
Lecture 15 -Sixteenth-Century Turmoil and the end of Christendom
Tuesday, November 21, 2017 2:34 PM
Document Summary
Lecture 15 - sixteenth-century turmoil and the end of christendom. Reformation + wars of religion = disintegration of christendom. Reformation + wars of religion = crises of sovereignty. Religious legitimacy is questioned because large parts of the population doubt the king and the religion he uses to bolster his legitimacy. Consolidation of power because they erradicate religious dissident within their kingdoms. New way of knowing that is being proposed (literature) Europe is no longer the center of the world. Your social, family, community networks are built into the concept of religious identity (parish, school, ceremonies - marriage, baptism, death) personalized state means loyalty to prince = loyalty to his religion. If you are going to tolerate other religions in your territory, you have to tolerate them in a way that they don"t support your own political legitimacy. Resistance to prince takes the form of religious dissidence. Certain groups will adopt or convert to oppose other factions within a city.
