ENVB 437 Lecture Notes - Lecture 24: Emtricitabine, Viral Envelope, Microrna

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greywildebeest28

4 Jun 2018

School

McGill University

Department

Environmental Biology

Course

ENVB 437

Professor

Gordon Hickey

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Eukaryotic cells and viruses – lecture 24 (April 11th, 2018)

Slide 53 – Rapid HIV testing

- If you are positive you should get a positive result

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Slide 54

- The other aspect is that if you are positive, you will be in the incubation period (a decade or more)

- Monitoring the # of CD4 cells that you have to watch it decline as well as the antibidies that you have

Slide 55

- The T helper cells of the immune system are being affected

- The Macs presents the virus to the CD4 which results in the production of ILs and the cells start undergoing

mitosis and causes cell-mediated and antibody responses

Slide 48 (his slides)

- CD4 stimulates B cell and T cell responses

Slide 49

- As we deplete the number of CD4 cells, we get less production of new B cells (which response to new antigens)

but we still have the memory T cells reacting against the known antigens

o You can get autoimmunity issues due to this

- Less CD8 cells

o Less tumor suppression

o Other opportunistic infections

o Less macrophage activity

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Slide 50

- Member of lentivirus subfamily of the retroviridae

- Enveloped RNA virus, 120nm in diameter

- HIV-1 isolated in 1983

- HIV-2 shares 40% nucleotide homology with HIV-1

o HIV2 is related and causes immunodeficiency diseases but it is not as pathogenic as HIV1

▪ Derived from a different species of monkeys

- Genome consists of 9749 nucleotides (HIV-1):

- Has 9 open reading frames coding for 15 proteins

- Virus uses alternative splicing and frameshifting

- HIV2 is related and causes immunodeficiency diseases but it is not as pathogenic as HIV1

o Derived from a different species of monkeys

Slide 51

- There are two methodologies to gain entry

o Usually the CD4 receptor

o Or fusion of membranes

▪ Non-receptor mediated mechanism

• So it can enter different types of cells in addition to CD4 immune cells

Slide 52

- 6 regulatory produced by alternative splicing mechanisms

Slide 53

- Frame shifting

o Forms pseudoknots

▪ Often referred to as slippery sequence

• This will cause hiccups and this will cause you to change reading frames

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Document Summary

Eukaryotic cells and viruses lecture 24 (april 11th, 2018) If you are positive you should get a positive result. The other aspect is that if you are positive, you will be in the incubation period (a decade or more) Monitoring the # of cd4 cells that you have to watch it decline as well as the antibidies that you have. The t helper cells of the immune system are being affected. The macs presents the virus to the cd4 which results in the production of ils and the cells start undergoing mitosis and causes cell-mediated and antibody responses. Cd4 stimulates b cell and t cell responses. Less cd8 cells: less tumor suppression, other opportunistic infections, less macrophage activity. Member of lentivirus subfamily of the retroviridae. Hiv-2 shares 40% nucleotide homology with hiv-1: hiv2 is related and causes immunodeficiency diseases but it is not as pathogenic as hiv1, derived from a different species of monkeys.

Related Questions

Topic A

1. Indicate to which branch(es) of theimmune system the following statements apply.

Explain your answer.

a) Involves macrophages

b) Responds to viral infection

c) Involves T cells

d) Responds to bacterial toxins

e) Most likely responds following an organ transplant

f) Involves cytotoxic T cells

g) Involves B cells

h) Involves complement

i) Responds to extracellular bacterial infection

j) Involves secreted antibody

k) Kills virus infected self cells

I) Involves the thymus

m) Involves the bone marrow

2. You are given two solutions, one containing protein A and theother the antibody to this protein both at about 5mg/ml. When youadd 1 ml of anti-A to 1 ml of protein A, a precipitate forms.However, when you dilute the antibody solution 20 fold and then mix1 ml of the diluted anti-A with 1 ml protein A, no precipitateforms.

Explain why no precipitate formed with the diluted antibody.

3. An energetic immunology student has isolated protein X.

The student believes it is a new isotype of humanimmunoglobulin.

a)What structural features would protein X have to have in orderto be classified as an immunoglobulin?

b) You prepare rabbit antibodies to (i) whole human IgG, (ii) tohuman ÃÂ» chain and (iii) to human ÃÂ³ chain.

Assuming protein X is in fact a new immunoglobulin isotype,which of these antibodies will bind to protein X? Explain why?

TOPIC B

4. a) Describe the time course of a typical antibody response totetanus toxoid

b) Outline a vaccination schedule that makes effective use ofthis information.

5. a) Tetanus immunoglobulin from the horse can be used toprotect an individual against tetanus. How is the treatmentadministered and what are the advantages/disadvantages of this formof immunisation? 2

b) Is it possible to confer cell mediated immunity on anunsensitised recipient by transferring cells?

c) Would this be a practical method of immunisation, and whatproblems may be encountered in this type of experiment?

6. If you inject a rabbit with a large protein antigen X andsubsequently harvest the antiserum from the animal, would youexpect the antibodies to X in the antiserum to be monoclonal orpolyclonal?

TOPIC C

7. a) Why, if the immune system is so efficient, do we continueto suffer from infectious diseases?

b) Speculate on the consequences if the immune system were tolose its ability to distinguish self-antigens from foreignones.

c) If a child is born without a thymus gland, what will be thenature of the child's illness

d) If a child were born with a defect in the complement system,say a deficiency in function C3, what would be theconsequences?

8 Considering only combinational joining of gene segments andassociation of light and heavy chains, how many different antibodymolecules potentially could be generated from germ line DNAcontaining 500VL and 4JL gene segments and 200VH. 10DH and 4JH genesegments?

9 During an immune response to antigen, the antibodies producedduring a secondary and subsequent responses have a greater affinityfor antigen than those produced during a primary response toantigen

Explain what is meant by "affinity"

Explain in principle the mechanism which explains the aboveobservation re increasing antibody affinity for antigen insecondary and subsequent responses

apricotcrocodile918

QuestionGroup: #51 Innate immune 1

Assigned as

Homework

What is the name of a chemical substance responsible for stimulating an immune response?

Pathogen

Rotomers

Antigen

Antibody

Troll receptor

Unanswered

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QuestionGroup: #52 Innate immune2

Assigned as

Homework

What is the purpose of secondary metabolites produced by normal flora in your body?

To aid T cells in fighting local infection

To kill infected B cells

To help balance electrolytes

To inhibit adhesion, and growth of the certain microbes

Unanswered

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QuestionGroup: #53 Innate immune3

Assigned as

Homework

The lysozyme removes most bacteria in our foods through the saliva in our mouth, how does it do this?

The lysozyme attacks the bacteria through the blood.

The lysozyme are not strong enough to get rid of bacteria.

The lysozyme breaks down the polysaccharide walls of different bacteria.

The lysozyme will tell your body to get rid of the bacteria by vomiting.

Unanswered

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QuestionGroup: #54 Adapt immune 1

Assigned as

Homework

In adaptive immunology, the key component is which of the following?

Antigen trigger the the production of vaccines.

Antibodies will trigger responses in the antigen which will cause an inflamation.

Antigens trigger responses of the antibodies which will recognize the antigen.

Antibodies will be able to recognize other antibodies and destroy them.

Unanswered

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QuestionGroup: #55 Adapt immune2

Assigned as

Homework

An autoimmune induced disorder is...?

When the body's immune system attacks a tissue or organ in the body

When the immune system is not present

When the body attacks the antigens and antibodies of the immune system

When the autonomic nervous system attacks the antigen and antibodies of the immune system

Unanswered

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QuestionGroup: #56 Adapt immune3

Assigned as

Homework

Antibodies are also called immunoglobulins and constitute part of the blood proteins. How do antibodies work?

Agglutination-- they just clump with each other (blocking antigen)

Precipitation-- force insolubility and settled out of solution along with antigens

Complement fixation-- proteins attach to antigen surface (causing cell lysis)

Neutralization-- bind to specific sites to prevent antigen attachment

All of the above

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QuestionGroup: #57 Infectious disease

Assigned as

Homework

The most deadly STD is HIV, but many other viruses can be deadly. Name the most common sexually transmitted infection.

Genital human parisis virus (GHPV)

Herpes Simplex

Human papilloma virus (HPV)

Human pappathe virus tentis (HPVT)

Unanswered

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QuestionGroup: #58 Infectious disease2

Assigned as

Homework

Microbes have developed an array of weapons to be able to go from host to host. These virulent factors are divided into several groups, but one important group is the one produced by bacteria. Name the subgroups within this bacterial group.

Retretoxin and maitotoxin

Retretoxin and butotoxin

Endotoxins and exotoxins

Lipotoxin and exotoxin

Unanswered

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QuestionGroup: #59 Infectious disease3

Assigned as

Homework

Sexually transmitted diseases are very successful at spreading from one person to another. Name one important reason for this fact.

Mucous membranes use B cells only and are resistant to antigens

Mucous membranes in the sex organs differ from those of the skin in that they allow certain pathogens into the body

STDs are transmitted through sex only

STDs are usually caused by viruses

Unanswered

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QuestionGroup: #60 HIV/ AIDS

Assigned as

Homework

HIV has which of the following characteristics?

It has an enzyme called reverse transcriptase which causes the DNA to reverse the nucleotide sequence in messenger RNA.

It is a retrovirus meaning that it reverses the order of protein production in that the virus affects the DNA in the cell to make the protein.

It is an anti-retrovirus meaning that it attacks the DNA causing the development of new HIV particles.

It has a short incubation period which means that the symptoms show up also immediately after infection.

ENVB 437 Lecture Notes - Lecture 24: Emtricitabine, Viral Envelope, Microrna

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