CHEM 183 Lecture Notes - Wyeth, Atorvastatin, Thomas George Roddick

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CHEM 183 Full Course Notes

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Chemistry of drugs: lecture 1 history of drugs. Urine analysis: gcms (gas chromatography mass spectroscopy) Guinea worm disease (a flea carries nematode larvae) leprosy (hansen"s disease: water containing water fleas infected with worm larvae, worms move through body and come through skin, solution: filtered water. Chagas disease (assassin bugs: parasite, symptoms come after 10-20 years: fever, swelling, delivered from feces of the animal/bug trypanosome cruzi controlled by molecule that suppresses a cysteine protease crucial for this parasite (k777) Sedatives: librium and valium needed with fungal agent. A drug is a chemical agent that affects living matter. Sumerians 2,200 bc: 16 beer recipes: focused on plant materials, tried to exclude superstition. Baldness cured by fat of snake, lion, hippo. Night blindness cured by ox liver (vitamin a) Crying babies cured by poppy juice and excremental flies. Testing fda clinical trials are the gold standard . The placebo effect/response: what people respond to.

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Larry has not been feeling well lately. He tells his doctor that he has discomfort and a burning feeling in his chest, and a sour taste in his throat and mouth. At times, Larry says he feels bloated after a big meal, has a dry cough, is hoarse, and sometimes has a sore throat. He has tried antacids, but they do not bring any relief.
The doctor tells Larry that he thinks he has acid reflux. At the top of the stomach there is a valve, the lower esophageal sphincter, that normally closes after food passes through it. However, if the valve does not close completely, acid produced in the stomach to digest food can move up into the esophagus, a condition called acid reflux. The acid, which is hydrochloric acid, HCl, is produced in the stomach to kill bacteria, microorganisms, and to activate the enzymes we need to break down food. (Figure 1)
If acid reflux occurs, the strong acid HCl comes in contact with the lining of the esophagus, where it causes irritation and produces a burning feeling in the chest. Sometimes the pain in the chest is called heartburn. If the HCl reflux goes high enough to reach the throat, a sour taste may be noticed in the mouth. If Larry's symptoms occur three or more times a week, he may have a chronic condition known as acid reflux disease orgastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).
Larry's doctor orders an esophageal pH test in which the amount of acid entering the esophagus from the stomach is measured over 24 h. A probe that measures the pH is inserted into the lower esophagus above the esophageal sphincter. The pHmeasurements indicate a reflux episode each time the pH drops to 4 or less.
In the 24-h period, Larry has several reflux episodes and his doctor determines that he has chronic GERD. He and Larry discuss treatment for GERD, which includes eating smaller meals, not lying down for 3 h after eating, making dietary changes, and losing weight. Antacids may be used to neutralize the acid coming up from the stomach. Other medications known as proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), such as Prilosec and Nexium, may be used to suppress the production of HCl in the stomach (gastric parietal cells), which raises the pH in the stomach to between 4 and 5, and gives the esophagus time to heal. Nexium may be given in oral doses of 40 mg once a day for 4 weeks. In severe GERD cases, an artificial valve may be created at the top of the stomach to strength the lower esophageal sphincter.(Figure 2)

Part A

How many grams of Mg(OH)2 are required to neutralize 450. mL of stomach acid HCl with a pH of 1.7?

Express your answer to two significant figures and include the appropriate units.

Number 6

Need summary for this article ican't undestand it please help me

Comparison of MALDI-TOF-MS andHPLC-ESI-MS/MS for

Endopeptidase Activity-BasedQuantification of Anthrax

Lethal Factor in Serum

ZsuzsannaKuklenyik,

â Anne E.Boyer,â RenatoLins,â ,Â§ConradP. Quinn,â¡MaribelGallegos-Candela,

AdrianWool

fitt,â JamesL. Pirkle,â andJohn R. Barr*,

â¡

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ABSTRACT:

fication.Calibration curves were linear from 0.05-

Î¼L sample. Thecoefficient of variationfor quality control samples was 6-

p = 0.99(r2=0.997) and -0.25%mean relative difference((

hedevelopment of technologies with high diagnosticspecifi

fic diagnosis toensure timely treatment options and eff

ffers superiorspeed, specifi

Matrix-assistedlaser desorption/ionization (MALDI) timeof-

filteringprovide fl

exible

platforms that are ideal for targeted analysis of biologicaltoxins:

proteins and small molecules. ESI-MS/MS is typically coupled

online with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC),

allowing for both preconcentration and analytical separation

from matrix interferences, providing enhanced analyticsensitivity

and selectivity. With the use of isotope dilution internal

standardization,

ight(TOF) MS and electrospray ionization (ESI) with

tandem quadrupole(MS/MS) mass

2,3

cation andpreconcentration.

Results are available in a few hours, compared to days forclassical

microbiology ortoxicology approaches.

city,and sensitivity

without extensivesample puri

ective

prophylaxis. Of the available diagnostic approaches forearly

detection of biological toxins, mass spectrometry (MS)-based

proteomicso

andrequire rapid, sensitive, and

speci

city

and sensitivity for bioterrorism select agents and toxins

is critical to public health preparedness. Biotoxins andbiotoxin

producing bacteria have the highest fatality rates among the

Category Abioterrorism agents

9%standard deviation). This study shows that isotope

dilution MALDI-TOF-MS is a robust and precise quantitative MSplatform.

12%for both MS platforms. Samples used

to perform cross-validation included 158 serum samples from astudy in rabbits exposed to anthrax spores by inhalation. Some

were treated with anthrax immune globulin before exposure.Concentrations measured by ESI-MS/MS matched those by MALDITOF-

MSwith

1.0ng/mL after 18 h incubation time. The limit of detection was 0.005ng/mL

usinga 200

2.5

ng/mLwhen measured after 2 h and from 0.005

ight(TOF)

mass spectrometry (MS). Many public health laboratories

do not use MALDI-TOF-MS; thus, we have adapted the LF

method for detection by electrospray ionization (ESI) tandem

MS(MS/MS), which allowed comparison of both MS platforms for LFquanti

cation ofLF

endoproteinase activity by isotope dilution matrix-assisted

laser-desorptionionization (MALDI) time-of-

Diagnosing andtreating anthrax at the earliest

stage of disease is critical. We developed a method todiagnose

anthrax at early stages of infection by detecting anthraxlethal

factor (LF) at the attomol/mL level in plasma or serum.

Thismethod uses antibody capture and quanti

Battelle AtlantaAnalytical Services, 2987 Clairmont Road NE, Suite 450 Atlanta,Georgia 30329, United States

National Center forImmunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Controland Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road Atlanta,

Georgia 30333, United States

National Center forEnvironmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,4770 Buford Hwy, NE Atlanta,Georgia 30341,

United States

CHEM 183 Lecture Notes - Wyeth, Atorvastatin, Thomas George Roddick

CHEM 183 Full Course Notes

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