CHEM 183 Lecture Notes - Lecture 5: Libido, Hypothyroidism, Methimazole
7 Jun 2018
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Hormones :
- Story of David and Goliath (giant), Goliath suffered from Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia, hormonal problems
- Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia : excessive growth, visual problems (pituitary), low blood sugar (pancreas), soft skull (parathyroid)
John Hunter : physician 18th, era with no ethical restriction on experimented
- castrated (testis removed) rooters, and observed that the combs (red protrusion on the top of roosters’ heads) shrank and collapsed
Arnold Berthold : castrated roosters and returned a testicle into the body cavity -> normal sexual behavior and comb development
- conclusion : testes released sth into the blood (modern knowledge -> testes produces testosterone, comb to attract the hens)
- begin of hormonal research
Thomas Addison : middle 1800s
- noted in autopsy, people who had atrophied adrenal glands showed poor appetite, low blood pressure, weakness, anemia, bronzed skin
- hypothesis : adrenal gland must be releasing sth that prevents these symptoms
late 1800s (1895) : adrenalin extract injected to raise blood pressure
Charles Brown Sequard : later 1800s, interested in testes of dogs, noted that castrated animals and humans are less healthy
- what in the testes that give better health?
- injected extract of testes into castrated dogs -> rejuvenated
- injected himself with extract of macerated dog testicles
- companies started selling extracts of animal organs in Sequard’s name
Serge Voronoff : Sequard’s disciple, idea if extracting testicle extract works -> what about implanting testicles, but lacked donors
- took testes of executed criminals -> surgically implanted the testes into healthy men
- ran out of criminals, and took testes of apes -> started a zoo in Italy to raise monkeys -> implanted monkey testes into man (~1000)
- get positive testimonies, mostly likely due to placebo because the implanted testicles weren’t connected to anything
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (author of Sherlock Holmes) : was against this, “The Adventure of the Creeping Man” -> where an old physiology
professor swings form tree to tree like monkeys, injected himself with monkey glands -> became a monkey
John Romulus Brinkley : US, got certificate to practice medicine by paying and serving as an apprentice under a physician for a few months
- started business of implanting goat testis in humans, in scrotum but never attached to anything, 17,000 operations with few complications
- thus a placebo effect, tiny amount of hormones may have leaked out, but very unlikely
- became known as goat-gland doctor
Dolanski : 1894, interested in how it is that when we eat, digestive juice are secreted by liver and pancreas into intestine, how does this
info goes from stomach/intestines to organs producing digestive juice
- hypothesis : increase in acidity in the stomach (which happens when food is ingested) is sensed by the pancreas
- experiment : inject acid into dog leg (if theory is correct that acid triggers digestive juice production) pancreas should produce digestive
juice following the injection -> didn’t work
Ernest Starling : worked with dogs, theorized that there has to be sth that is secreted that goes to the pancreas
- experiment : injected ground duodenum (first part of intestine) into jugular -> within seconds, noted flow of pancreatic juice
- discovered the first hormone Secretin, Secretin is secreted by the duodenum into bloodstream, Secretin level sensed by pancreas
Hormone : stir other parts of the body into action, secreted by endocrine glands, chemical messengers that circulate in the blood stream
- no nerve connection between intestines and pancreas
Food ingested -> enters stomach -> stomach produces acid for digestion -> secrete pepsin enzyme -> goes to duodenum -> secretin is
secreted by duodenum -> secretin travels to pancreas by blood -> signals pancreas to produce pancreatic juice -> released to small intestine
Movie Freaks : told stories of people with hormonal difficulties
Glands : Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Pineal, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Thymus, Adrenal, Kidney, Pancreas, Ovary, Uterus, Testes
1) Pituitary gland : master gland, geometric center of the brain, below the hypothalamus
- small, size of a pea, secrets 1 millionth of a gram of hormones per day (1 microgram), critical to all kinds of body functions
- this is why substances like endocrine-disruptors, hormone-disruptors or hormone-like activity are so carefully studied
- conductor of hormone orchestra : sends hormone to many glands, these gland then release their own hormones
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Document Summary
Story of david and goliath (giant), goliath suffered from multiple endocrine neoplasia, hormonal problems. Multiple endocrine neoplasia : excessive growth, visual problems (pituitary), low blood sugar (pancreas), soft skull (parathyroid) John hunter : physician 18th, era with no ethical restriction on experimented. Castrated (testis removed) rooters, and observed that the combs (red protrusion on the top of roosters" heads) shrank and collapsed. Arnold berthold : castrated roosters and returned a testicle into the body cavity -> normal sexual behavior and comb development. Conclusion : testes released sth into the blood (modern knowledge -> testes produces testosterone, comb to attract the hens) Noted in autopsy, people who had atrophied adrenal glands showed poor appetite, low blood pressure, weakness, anemia, bronzed skin. Hypothesis : adrenal gland must be releasing sth that prevents these symptoms late 1800s (1895) : adrenalin extract injected to raise blood pressure.
