CHEM 181 Lecture 6: Lecture 6 - Topic 3
19 Jun 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
Video 1
Sweeteners
Concern with the overuse of sugar in the Western world
○
Sugar can cause tooth decay
○
The overuse of sugar is associated with obesity (2/3 of
people in North America are obese or overweight)
○
-
There are sugar substitutes
Sugar, splenda, sweet 'n low and are known as non-
nutritive sweeteners
○
-
Saccharin was discovered in 1878 by Constantin Fahlberg
working in the lab of Ira Remsen
Constantin brought his hand to his mouth and noticed a
sweet taste
○
He was working with saccharin and it is similar to
saccharose which is the chemical name for sugar
○
-
In 1884 Fahlberg patented the use of saccharine and established
a factory to produce this
-
Saccharin was produced in Germany
-
In 1901 John Francis Queeny started a company and produced
saccharin that he had brought in from Germany
He was looking for a name for his company and named the
company Monsanto after his wife
○
Saccharine is 400-500x more sweet than sugar but has a
bitter aftertaste and this is why it is not used by itself
○
Caloric value is 0
○
-
Artificial sweeteners have a similar chemical structure to
saccharin
-
Video 2
Delaney Clause (1958)
Ant substance that has been shown to cause cancer in
humans or test animals cannot be allowed on the market
○
-
Risk versus hazard
Risk is equal to hazard multiplied exposure
○
Risk = hazard x exposure x susceptibility
○
-
Not too much of a risk in humans with saccharine
-
Activity 3
Based on the explanation of risk assessment, use the relation
Risk = hazard x exposure x susceptibility to identify which of the
following scenarios represents a greater risk
A 35 year old pregnant women with the rare genetic
condition called PKU consumed on 330mL diet soda per
day. Each serving 12oz diet soda contains about 185mg of
the artificial sweetener aspartame. People suffering from
PKU cannot metabolize phenylalanine, an essential amino
acid, which is a component of aspartame. Children whose
brains are still developing are at higher risk of health
problems associated with PKU; anyone with this condition
is advised to follow a phenylalanine restricted diet
○
-
Video 3
Sorbitol
It is a polyacohol
○
Has a relative sweetness at 0.6 so it is not as sweet as
saccharin
○
It is used in diet products and doesn't give more calories is
because it is very slowly metabolized by the body
Sits in the colon and can actually ferment there
§
○
-
Xylitol
Relative sweetness is 1, some calories and is similar to
Sorbitol
○
Present in sugarless gum
○
It does not promote tooth decay
○
Chewing sugarless gum increases salivation and dilutes the
acid that causes tooth decay
○
-
Saccharine is in sugarless gum because it provides sweetness
-
4 out of 5 dentists say that patients can chew sugarless gum…
Have to do this because one dentist could come up and say
that they do not agree and trident could be sued
○
-
Video 4
Artificial sugar - cyclamate
Was accidently discovered in 1937 by grad student Michael
Sveda
○
He was smoking in the lab and when he picked up the
cigarette, he noticed the tip had a sweet taste and the
cigarette lay next to compounds he had been working on
(cyclamate)
○
30x sweeter than sugar and has 0 calories
○
It doesn't give a bitter aftertaste like saccharin
○
-
A study in 1969 showed that rats who were red a mixture of
cyclamate-saccharin developed bladder tumours
Banned in Canada and US (available in Canada as a table-
top sweetener)
○
-
Video 5
Aspartame was discovered accidently by James Schlatter in 1965
-
Initially developed as an ulcer drug and noted that the
compound had a sweet taste and was further developed as an
artificial sweetener
-
180x sweeter than sugar and provides 4 calories per gram
-
Activity 4
Rank the sweeteners in terms of relative sweetness in
comparison from the least to the most
-
Sorbitol 1.
Xylitol 2.
Cyclamate 3.
Aspartame 4.
Saccharine 5.
Rank the sweeteners (from least to most) in terms of calories per
gram
-
Saccharine or cyclamate 1.
Cyclamate or saccharine 2.
Xylitol 3.
Sorbitol 4.
Aspartame 5.
Video 6
Aspartame was advertised under the name of Equal
-
People who have PKU cannot metabolize phenylalanine and goes
to the brain and causes problems
It is not heat stable so it can be used in diet drinks and cola
but cannot be used when it is heated up, so cannot be
used in cakes, etc.
○
When it breaks down under heat and methanol is released
there is no linking with other compounds so the sweetness
disappears
○
Methanol is toxic but is not toxic in the doses that is
released in cola
○
-
Video 7
Aspartame is not linked to brain tumours
-
The acceptable daily intake for aspartame is 40mg per kilo of
body weight
-
ADI is determined based on animal studies
Determine the NOAEL (no observed adverse effect level)
○
Average daily intake is 5 mg per kilo of body weight
○
-
People that fall easily in love have high brain levels of
phenylethylamine and this is why people think that having lots of
soda will make them fall in love more easily but this is not the
case
-
Aspartame is present with Acesulfame-K in a number of diet
drinks such as Coke Zero
Diet coke only has aspartame
○
-
Activity 5
Researchers studying health issues associated with Acesulfame-K
recorded no observed adverse effect levels (NOAEL) in rats at
1500mg/kg bodyweight/day. Based on this finding what is the
acceptable daily intake for humans (mg/kg bodyweight/day)?
15 mg/kg body weight for most countries such as the US
and Canada
○
In the EU the ADI is set at 9mg/kg bodyweight
○
-
If a 12oz can of Coke Zero contains approximately 50mg of
acesulfame-K, how many cans would a 60kg (132lb) woman need
to drink to reach the ADI for this sweetener?
60kg body weight x 15 mg/kg body weight = 900mg / 50
mg/can = 18 cans per day
○
-
Video 8
Splenda
It is heat stable and this means that it can be used in
baking products
○
Technical name is sucralose, Splenda is the brand name
○
Sweetness of sucralose is 600x sweeter than sugar and is
non-caloric
○
-
Splenda is the number one sugar substitute ahead of aspartame
and can be found in diet drinks depending on the country
-
Stevia Rebaudiana
Is 300x sweeter than sugar and does not have any calories
○
Derived from a plant
○
Initially it was not a food additive or sweetener but a
dietary supplement, but now it is allowed as a food
additive and a sweetener as well as a dietary supplement
○
-
Artificial sweeteners do not help with losing or controlling weight
-
Activity 6
Sweeteners are most commonly used in soft drinks. Which of the
following do you think is the second most common use of high
intensity sweeteners?
Oral hygiene products (toothpaste, mouthwash)
○
-
Lecture 6 -Topic 3
Friday, February 23, 2018
7:18 PM
Video 1
Sweeteners
Concern with the overuse of sugar in the Western world
○
Sugar can cause tooth decay
○
The overuse of sugar is associated with obesity (2/3 of
people in North America are obese or overweight)
○
-
There are sugar substitutes
Sugar, splenda, sweet 'n low and are known as non-
nutritive sweeteners
○
-
Saccharin was discovered in 1878 by Constantin Fahlberg
working in the lab of Ira Remsen
Constantin brought his hand to his mouth and noticed a
sweet taste
○
He was working with saccharin and it is similar to
saccharose which is the chemical name for sugar
○
-
In 1884 Fahlberg patented the use of saccharine and established
a factory to produce this
-
Saccharin was produced in Germany
-
In 1901 John Francis Queeny started a company and produced
saccharin that he had brought in from Germany
He was looking for a name for his company and named the
company Monsanto after his wife
○
Saccharine is 400-500x more sweet than sugar but has a
bitter aftertaste and this is why it is not used by itself
○
Caloric value is 0
○
-
Artificial sweeteners have a similar chemical structure to
saccharin
-
Video 2
Delaney Clause (1958)
Ant substance that has been shown to cause cancer in
humans or test animals cannot be allowed on the market
○
-
Risk versus hazard
Risk is equal to hazard multiplied exposure
○
Risk = hazard x exposure x susceptibility
○
-
Not too much of a risk in humans with saccharine
-
Activity 3
Based on the explanation of risk assessment, use the relation
Risk = hazard x exposure x susceptibility to identify which of the
following scenarios represents a greater risk
A 35 year old pregnant women with the rare genetic
condition called PKU consumed on 330mL diet soda per
day. Each serving 12oz diet soda contains about 185mg of
the artificial sweetener aspartame. People suffering from
PKU cannot metabolize phenylalanine, an essential amino
acid, which is a component of aspartame. Children whose
brains are still developing are at higher risk of health
problems associated with PKU; anyone with this condition
is advised to follow a phenylalanine restricted diet
○
-
Video 3
Sorbitol
It is a polyacohol
○
Has a relative sweetness at 0.6 so it is not as sweet as
saccharin
○
It is used in diet products and doesn't give more calories is
because it is very slowly metabolized by the body
Sits in the colon and can actually ferment there
§
○
-
Xylitol
Relative sweetness is 1, some calories and is similar to
Sorbitol
○
Present in sugarless gum
○
It does not promote tooth decay
○
Chewing sugarless gum increases salivation and dilutes the
acid that causes tooth decay
○
-
Saccharine is in sugarless gum because it provides sweetness
-
4 out of 5 dentists say that patients can chew sugarless gum…
Have to do this because one dentist could come up and say
that they do not agree and trident could be sued
○
-
Video 4
Artificial sugar - cyclamate
Was accidently discovered in 1937 by grad student Michael
Sveda
○
He was smoking in the lab and when he picked up the
cigarette, he noticed the tip had a sweet taste and the
cigarette lay next to compounds he had been working on
(cyclamate)
○
30x sweeter than sugar and has 0 calories
○
It doesn't give a bitter aftertaste like saccharin
○
-
A study in 1969 showed that rats who were red a mixture of
cyclamate-saccharin developed bladder tumours
Banned in Canada and US (available in Canada as a table-
top sweetener)
○
-
Video 5
Aspartame was discovered accidently by James Schlatter in 1965
-
Initially developed as an ulcer drug and noted that the
compound had a sweet taste and was further developed as an
artificial sweetener
-
180x sweeter than sugar and provides 4 calories per gram
-
Activity 4
Rank the sweeteners in terms of relative sweetness in
comparison from the least to the most
-
Sorbitol 1.
Xylitol 2.
Cyclamate 3.
Aspartame 4.
Saccharine 5.
Rank the sweeteners (from least to most) in terms of calories per
gram
-
Saccharine or cyclamate 1.
Cyclamate or saccharine 2.
Xylitol 3.
Sorbitol 4.
Aspartame 5.
Video 6
Aspartame was advertised under the name of Equal
-
People who have PKU cannot metabolize phenylalanine and goes
to the brain and causes problems
It is not heat stable so it can be used in diet drinks and cola
but cannot be used when it is heated up, so cannot be
used in cakes, etc.
○
When it breaks down under heat and methanol is released
there is no linking with other compounds so the sweetness
disappears
○
Methanol is toxic but is not toxic in the doses that is
released in cola
○
-
Video 7
Aspartame is not linked to brain tumours
-
The acceptable daily intake for aspartame is 40mg per kilo of
body weight
-
ADI is determined based on animal studies
Determine the NOAEL (no observed adverse effect level)
○
Average daily intake is 5 mg per kilo of body weight
○
-
People that fall easily in love have high brain levels of
phenylethylamine and this is why people think that having lots of
soda will make them fall in love more easily but this is not the
case
-
Aspartame is present with Acesulfame-K in a number of diet
drinks such as Coke Zero
Diet coke only has aspartame
○
-
Activity 5
Researchers studying health issues associated with Acesulfame-K
recorded no observed adverse effect levels (NOAEL) in rats at
1500mg/kg bodyweight/day. Based on this finding what is the
acceptable daily intake for humans (mg/kg bodyweight/day)?
15 mg/kg body weight for most countries such as the US
and Canada
○
In the EU the ADI is set at 9mg/kg bodyweight
○
-
If a 12oz can of Coke Zero contains approximately 50mg of
acesulfame-K, how many cans would a 60kg (132lb) woman need
to drink to reach the ADI for this sweetener?
60kg body weight x 15 mg/kg body weight = 900mg / 50
mg/can = 18 cans per day
○
-
Video 8
Splenda
It is heat stable and this means that it can be used in
baking products
○
Technical name is sucralose, Splenda is the brand name
○
Sweetness of sucralose is 600x sweeter than sugar and is
non-caloric
○
-
Splenda is the number one sugar substitute ahead of aspartame
and can be found in diet drinks depending on the country
-
Stevia Rebaudiana
Is 300x sweeter than sugar and does not have any calories
○
Derived from a plant
○
Initially it was not a food additive or sweetener but a
dietary supplement, but now it is allowed as a food
additive and a sweetener as well as a dietary supplement
○
-
Artificial sweeteners do not help with losing or controlling weight
-
Activity 6
Sweeteners are most commonly used in soft drinks. Which of the
following do you think is the second most common use of high
intensity sweeteners?
Oral hygiene products (toothpaste, mouthwash)
○
-
Lecture 6 -Topic 3
Friday, February 23, 2018 7:18 PM
11
CHEM 181 Full Course Notes
Verified Note
11 documents
Document Summary
Concern with the overuse of sugar in the western world. The overuse of sugar is associated with obesity (2/3 of people in north america are obese or overweight) Sugar, splenda, sweet "n low and are known as non- nutritive sweeteners. Saccharin was discovered in 1878 by constantin fahlberg working in the lab of ira remsen. Constantin brought his hand to his mouth and noticed a sweet taste. He was working with saccharin and it is similar to saccharose which is the chemical name for sugar. In 1884 fahlberg patented the use of saccharine and established a factory to produce this. In 1901 john francis queeny started a company and produced saccharin that he had brought in from germany. He was looking for a name for his company and named the company monsanto after his wife. Saccharine is 400-500x more sweet than sugar but has a bitter aftertaste and this is why it is not used by itself.
