BIOL 201 Lecture Notes - Lecture 23: Protein Kinase A, Adenylyl Cyclase, Hydrolysis
11 Apr 2018
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There are two categories of responses: short term responses to short-term signals. As soon as the cell senses the hormone, it executes the response rapidly. Endocrine glands secrete hormones to affect distant targets: ex: adrenal glands (epinephrine), pituitary gland (hgh), ovaries (progesterone and, endocrine secretion by definition carries a signal to a far-away target, usually through estrogen), testes (testosterone) . Can be graded (for example, increase rate of glycolysis to 1. 5x, 4x: proportional increase to hormone levels, long term responses to long-term signals (next. Slower cell response time (change does not need to occur fast) Response is all-or-not and irreversible: ex: cell division, cell differentiation. Reminder: receptors and ligands bind according to an equilibrium (review dissociation constant) However, cells are more sensitive to ligands and the physiological response looks as if it has a smaller kd (aka reacts to less ligands) signaling cascades with amplification steps. Adrenaline/epinephrine is a hormone that triggers short-term responses to stress.
