BIOL 115 Lecture Notes - Lecture 10: Energy, Basal Metabolic Rate, Satay
October 5th
Questions and how to solve them
Types of questions:
Knowledge: do you remember something that was said in class?
Knowledge/comprehension: do you remember and understand something
that was said in class?
Understanding the general concepts
Comprehension/application: do you understand information, and you are
you capable of putting this information together with other information
(integrating your knowledge) to answer a new question?
Examples
We discussed type of chemical bonds, which include:
Covalent and ionic bonds
Peptidyl and disulphide bonds
Polar covalent and hydrogen bonds
All of the above
None of the above
This type of question would not be on the exam because it tests if you remember
information but not if you understand information
What kind of bond holds water molecules together?
Polar covalent bonds
Non-polar covalent bonds
Ionic bonds
Hydrogen bonds
This is an appropriate exam questions because it tests if we remember
information about water and also if we understand the difference between a
molecule and an atom
Because we could have thought that the question was what kind of
bond holds a water molecule together, to which the answer would
have been polar covalent bonds
When would an atom be least likely to form chemical bonds with other atoms?
When there is only one electron in the valence shell
When the valence shell is full of electrons
When the number of protons = the number of electrons
When the number of protons = the number of neutrons
This questions tests whether we remember that a full shell is 2 electrons, the
second shell is 8 electrons, and the third shell is 8 electrons, and whether we
understand the relationship between forming a bond and the number of
electrons in the valence energy shell
But we were never told this explicitly in class
This is applying knowledge to a problem
A third of Vogel’s questions will be this type of question
There will be no memorization
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Types of energy
What is energy?
Living systems are what they are because they expend energy so that they
don’t succumb to entropy
Entropy is disorder
Biological systems try to maintain order
To do that, they have to expend energy
Energy can be converted form all type of energy into another type of energy
Basically energy holds our molecules together
Types of energy
Relationship between energy and biological systems
Energy
Energy was not created
It was always here and it never leaves
The first law of thermodynamics states that energy can be neither created nor
destroyed
Energy can change forms, and energy can flow from one place to another
Energy is plastic
This is going to help us understand why ATP is so important
Because what we need is for biological to prevent giving in to entropy
And to prevent that, we need to be able to somehow use packets of
energy in ways that maintain order
This is a key point
A particular consequence of the law of conservation of energy is that the total
energy of an isolated system does not change
Types of energy
Kinetic and potential energy: mass, gravity, speed
Movement—you can describe someone’s energy when you see them
working
If the professor is walking at the front of the room, she is expending
kinetic energy
Potential energy is energy that could do work, but it is stored
When we think of ATP, this is a form of chemical potential energy
It requires energy to take it and it requires energy to break it
Chemical energy: chemical bonds, ATP
Radiant: sunlight, photosynthesis
Thermal: sunlight, thermal regulation
If an animal that cannot regulate its body temperature wants to satay warm
for enzymatic reactions to occur, it sits in the sun
These things act on all matter at all length scales
They act on systems that are so small that gravity have extremely small
effects on them
The sum of energy: Etotal = KEsystem + PEsystem +Usystem
Kinetic energy + potential energy + microscopic energy
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
We discussed type of chemical bonds, which include: This type of question would not be on the exam because it tests if you remember information but not if you understand information. This is an appropriate exam questions because it tests if we remember information about water and also if we understand the difference between a molecule and an atom. Because we could have thought that the question was (cid:498)what kind of bond holds a water molecule together(cid:499), to which the answer would have been (cid:498)polar covalent bonds(cid:499) When there is only one electron in the valence shell. When the valence shell is full of electrons. When the number of protons = the number of electrons. When the number of protons = the number of neutrons. A third of vogel"s questions will be this type of question. But we were never told this explicitly in class. Living systems are what they are because they expend energy so that they.
