BIOL 112 Lecture Notes - Lecture 9: Inner Membrane, Endomembrane System, Cytoskeleton

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BIOL 112: CELLS 2

Plastids: describes both mitochondria and chloroplasts (set apart from the endomembrane

system)

Mitochondria - found in animal & plant cells

- where respiration takes place

- 2 membranes – outer and inner membrane (folded to generate invagination called

cristae to increase SA, ATP)

- The cytoplasm → matrix is where the citric acid cycle takes place (ribosomes, DNA, RNA,

etc.)

Chloroplasts – found in plant cells & responsible for photosynthesis

- Similar because they have an outer and inner membrane (stacks inside – thylakoids –

storage of membrane proteins, fatty acids, sugars)

- Stroma is the cytoplasm to distinguish between that and the cell

- DNA, RNA, ribosomes, etc.

Endosymbiotic Organelles Theory:

- Mitochondria and chloroplasts are descendants of bacteria

- Aerobic prokaryotic cell taken up by phagocytosis into the membrane derived

eukaryotic cell

- Have their own genome; circular; reminiscent of bacteria genome

- Lipids come through from ER through a unique system; unique protein import

o Inner membrane – derived from bacterial cell

o Outer membrane – derived from eukaryotic cell

Cytoskeleton: structure that holds the cells together

- Interior structure like elements inside the cell that is densely crowded by

proteins/ribosomes and cytoskeleton filaments, sugars

Cytoskeleton Filaments:

Actin – smallest filament in size (polymerase, found as monomers/filaments in the cell that

regulate polymerization and depolymerization, bond non-covalently (protein-protein

interactions))

o -end and +end, polarized, to help give the cell shape

o form actin bundles (~20) e.g. gut cells

o cortically: stabilize the shape of shells, extend the cell

Myosin: moves along the actin filament to cause movement ONLY IN 1 DIRECTION; when

yosi head attaches to acti ad oves the acti filaet slides

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BIOL 112 Full Course Notes

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Plastids: describes both mitochondria and chloroplasts (set apart from the endomembrane system) Mitochondria - found in animal & plant cells. 2 membranes outer and inner membrane (folded to generate invagination called cristae to increase sa, atp) The cytoplasm matrix is where the citric acid cycle takes place (ribosomes, dna, rna, etc. ) Chloroplasts found in plant cells & responsible for photosynthesis. Similar because they have an outer and inner membrane (stacks inside thylakoids storage of membrane proteins, fatty acids, sugars) Stroma is the cytoplasm to distinguish between that and the cell. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are descendants of bacteria. Aerobic prokaryotic cell taken up by phagocytosis into the membrane derived eukaryotic cell. Have their own genome; circular; reminiscent of bacteria genome. Lipids come through from er through a unique system; unique protein import. Inner membrane derived from bacterial cell: outer membrane derived from eukaryotic cell. Interior structure like elements inside the cell that is densely crowded by proteins/ribosomes and cytoskeleton filaments, sugars.

Related Questions

________30. If you are investigating the inner structure of a new cell and see that it has a significantly larger amount of RER than other cells. You would conclude the cell does a great deal of____?
A. ATP synthesis

B. protein synthesis
C. DNA synthesis
D. active transport
E. polysaccharide hydrolysis

________31. If a cell comes in contact with a toxic substance such as H2O2, it could survive as long as it has a ___ to digest it.
A. DNA
B. peroxisome

C. mitochondria
D. phospholipids
E. intermediate filaments

________32. Some cells have structures to help them withstand osmotic pressure. For example,
A. Plant cells due to their walls
B. Animal cells due to the sodium/potassium pumps

C. Bacterial cell due to their swimming

D. Viruses due to their protein coats

________33. Evolution occurs only as a cell ____.

A. They undergo mitosis
B. Change in their gene pool
C. They move from one habitat to another

D. They begin to eat different foods

________34. Ribosomes are produced in the

A. nucleoli.
B. chromatin.
C. nuclear envelopes.

D. Golgi complex. E. cisternae.

________35. Algae are often green, but there are red and brown species also. What accounts for this difference in color?
A. The chlorophyll of chloroplasts
B. The pigments in other plastids

C. The presence of a mitochondria
D. The accumulation of cellular wastes

________36. The chloroplast and other like prokaryotes have which of the following that helps with photosynthesis?
A. They live in water based environments
B. They have chloroplasts in their cytoplasm

C. Change color in the dark vs. the sun
D. They have photoreceptor proteins in their membranes or mesosomes.

________37. Located in the membrane, we see a set of proteins called receptors that only connect with or bind to specific substances. This is called __.
A. ligand specificity.
B. hormone selectivity.

C. cell tonicity.
D. water saturation. E. signal resolution.

________38. Of the following statements, we could say that ___ is false.
A. All organisms are composed of cells and cell products.
B. An organism's structure and all of its functions are due to the activities of cells.
C. The cellular organelles are the simplest structural and functional unit of life.
D. Cells come from preexisting cells.
E. Cells are made from nonliving components including the nucleus, cell membrane and cytoplasm.

________39. If it is really true that our cells are the smallest anatomical unit that meets all of the properties of life, then which of the following could imply otherwise?
A. vacuoles
B. centrioles

C. Golgi apparatus
D. mitochondria
E. endoplasmic reticulum

________40. Oxygen is an absolute need for animal and plant cells alike due to the ___.

A. RER
B. Mitochondria
C. Lysosomes

D. DNA

________41. In a plasma membrane, we expect to see the carb/protein structures to extend into the ___, but the secondary messengers to move within the __.
A. extracellular fluid; cytosol
B. cytosol; extracellular fluid

C. intracellular fluid; cytosol

D. cytosol; intracellular fluid

E. extracellular fluid; plasma

________42. Bacteria are found in all of the following habitats:

A. Caves
B. Oceans
C. Animals

D. Everywhere on Earth

________43. Two solutions are separated by a selectively permeable membrane. Solution A has a higher concentration of an impermeable solute compared to solution B. Which of the following do you expect would happen?
A. solute will move from solution A to solution B

B. solute will move from solution B to solution A

C. water will more from solution A to solution B

D. water will move from solution B to solution A E. no movement of solute or water will occur

________44. In the kidney, we notice that almost all of the cells involved in the production of urine have high concentrations of the Na+/K+ pump. Which typically works to push Na+ ___ its concentration gradient by using ___.
A. up; active transport

B. up; facilitated transport
C. up; cotransport
D. down; active transport
E. down; facilitated transport

________45. In the charts of a patient recently admitted to the hospital noted that he was taking a medication called lithium and high doses of calcium supplements. Given this, we would expect the patientâs liver to have a higher than normal amount of __ to purify out the lithium and calcium.

A. lysosomes.
B. centrosomes.
C. mitochondria.
D. peroxisomes.
E. rough endoplasmic reticulum.

________46. We have long observed that our neural cells in the brain cannot replicate or replace themselves due to the lack of ____.
A. produce ATP.
B. divide.

C. produce enzymes.
D. secrete material across their plasma membrane E. conduct electrical signals.

________47. An organismâs structure and function is ultimately due to the structure and function of itâs __.
A. Organs
B. Tissues

C. Cells

D. Nuclei

BIOL 112 Lecture Notes - Lecture 9: Inner Membrane, Endomembrane System, Cytoskeleton

BIOL 112 Full Course Notes

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