SOCI-1015EL Lecture Notes - Lecture 6: Differential Association, Labeling Theory, Deskilling
20 Jun 2018
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Sociology Final Exam
Module 6 — Chapters 7, 8 & 22*
Deviance: any behaviour, belief, or condition that violates significant cultural norms in
the society or group in which it occurs.
Crime: behaviour that violates criminal law and is punishable by with fines, jail terms
and other sanctions.
Juvenile Delinquency: a violation of law or the commission of a status offence by young
people.
Social Control: systematic practices developed by social groups to encourage
conformity to norms, rules and laws to discourage deviance.
Strain Theory: the proposition that people feel strain when they are exposed to cultural
goals that they are unable to obtain because they do not have access to culturally
approved means of achieving those goals.
Illegitimate Opportunity Structures: circumstances that provide an opportunity for people
to acquire through illegitimate activities what they cannot achieve through legitimate
channels.
Differential Association Theory: the proposition that individuals have a greater tendency
to deviate from societal norms when they frequently associate with persons who are
more favourable toward deviance than conformity.
Rational Choice Theory of Deviance: the belief that deviant behaviour occurs when a
person weighs the costs and benefits of non conventional or criminal behaviour and
determines that the benefits will outweigh the risks involved in such actions.
Social Bond Theory: the proposition that the probability of deviant behaviour increase
when a person’s ties to society are weakened or broken.
Labeling Theory: the proposition that deviants are those people who have been
successfully labeled as such by others.
Primary Deviance: the initial act of rule-breaking.
Secondary Deviance: the process that occurs when a person who has been labeled a
deviant accepts that new identity and continues the deviant behaviour.
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