10-400-13 Lecture Notes - Lecture 10: International Financial Institutions, Sub-Saharan Africa, Global Union Federation

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October 8th
Class 6
Who Gets What?
The determination of wages and salaries
Wage is primarily determined by the skills and abilities of individual workers
Education, race, gender and age are also important
The rate of remuneration influences the number of hours that an employee is willing to
work at a given job
Salaries are driven down when there is an oversupply of workers and potential workers,
or if there is limited demand for a particular kind of good
Best paid occupations = high demand sector but only a few have the right set of skills
Workers in those fields have a lot of bargaining power, which is reflected in the salary
they receive
Widening income gap
Definition: the wide gap that separates a relatively small number of income earners from
the rest of the working population
Unionized workers, who tend to have higher wages and salaries than non-unionized
workers, also are more likely to have pension plans, so this benefit has actually increased
the income differential between them and non-unionized employees
Why has income inequality increased?
1. Rate of employment for workers at the bottom end of the scale is a strong
influence on wages. A high rate of employment limits workers’ options and
sharply reduces their ability to demand higher wages
2. Structural changes in the U.S. economy: the rise of the service sector and the
parallel decline of manufacturing sector = important source of increasing
economic inequality
Unionization and its decline
21st century: influence of unions is declining
Unions have been most successful in obtaining high wages, salaries, and benefits when their
members are employed in large, oligopolistic industries where generous remuneration packages
can be passed on to customers by charging high prices
Unions = benefits such as health insurance + pension plans
Beneficial especially to minority communities (AA, Latinos) and low wages employees
The presence of labor unions has booted remuneration for non-unionized employees
because it has motivated employers to keep unions out of their enterprises by setting
wages and benefits at levels comparable to those found in unionized enterprises
Technological change and income inequality
Workers in some industries have been able to use the power of their unions to retain jobs
made redundant by technological change
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Document Summary

Wage is primarily determined by the skills and abilities of individual workers. Education, race, gender and age are also important. The rate of remuneration influences the number of hours that an employee is willing to work at a given job. Salaries are driven down when there is an oversupply of workers and potential workers, or if there is limited demand for a particular kind of good. Best paid occupations = high demand sector but only a few have the right set of skills. Workers in those fields have a lot of bargaining power, which is reflected in the salary they receive. Definition: the wide gap that separates a relatively small number of income earners from the rest of the working population. Unionized workers, who tend to have higher wages and salaries than non-unionized workers, also are more likely to have pension plans, so this benefit has actually increased the income differential between them and non-unionized employees.

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