BIOL 2060 Lecture Notes - Lecture 12: Apex Predator, Growth Medium, Community Structure
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3 May 2018
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Predation I
February 1st, 2016
Types of Exploitation:
• Carnivory/predation: animal (including some plants, fungi and protozoans) eat other
organisms
• Cannibalism: organisms eats the same species
• Omnivory: animal eats plants and animals
• Herbivory: animal only eats live plant
• Detritivory: animal only eats dead plant matter
• Parasitism: animal live in or on host animal for food
• Parasitoism: animal lays eggs in host and consumes host
Exploitation benefits the consumer while harming the prey/food source.
Exploitation links plants and animals into food webs/chains:
Primary producer primary consumer secondary consumer apex predator
Importance of Predation/Exploitation
• Widespread interaction – almost all species involved in some exploitative relationship
• Effects on:
o Prey survival
o Predator fitness
o Distribution and abundance of predator/prey
o Prey behaviour
o Community structure
Gause’s Classic Laboratory Experiments: Simple Predator-Prey System
• Two protozoans enclosed in a continuous growth medium
• The predator will drive prey to extinction and then starve
Mathematical Models of Predation I
• Lotka and Volterra first derived predator-prey equations assuming that prey population
grows exponentially and population size is limited by predators
o Prey: dN/dt = rN – pP
▪ N=number of prey
▪ P=number predators
▪ r=growth rate
▪ p=rate of predation
o Predator: dP/dt = cpNP - dP
▪ c=conversion factor of prey into predator
▪ d=death rate of predator
o *see graphic version
• Lotka-Volterra Predator-Prey Model
o Includes predicted changes prey and predator densities from any any starting
conditions
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Document Summary
Exploitation benefits the consumer while harming the prey/food source. Exploitation links plants and animals into food webs/chains: Primary producer primary consumer secondary consumer apex predator: widespread interaction almost all species involved in some exploitative relationship, effects on, prey survival, predator fitness, distribution and abundance of predator/prey, prey behaviour, community structure. Gause"s classic laboratory experiments: simple predator-prey system: two protozoans enclosed in a continuous growth medium, the predator will drive prey to extinction and then starve. Limitations of simple models: simplifying assumptions, stable world, homogenous environment, systems include one predator and one prey species, outcomes of simple predator-prey models, stable equilibrium, oscillations, extinctions. Introduction of heterogenous environment: oat medium without sediment, predator drives prey to extinction, then starves, oat medium with sediment, sediment shelters prey and predator starves. Huffaker (1958) questioned gause"s conclusion that predator-prey system was inherently self- annihilating without interference: ex.
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