BIOL 1011 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Cycad, Phloem, Vacuum Cleaner

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aquamarinefly294

20 Aug 2018

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Major groups of land plants & their reproduction. There are 10 divisions or phyla of land plants ons. We will only focus on 4/10, the group that are more common here: The life cycle between these groups are different. Animals have different life cycle than land plants (alternation of generation) Egg and sperm unite to make a zygote. Then, the zygote grows to undergo meiosis again and the cycle continues . Makes spores a single cell that is haploid (haploid generation) The spores develop by mitosis into gametophytes (multicellular) The gametophyte is multicellular, it then makes the gametes by. Gametophyte is haploid and eggs and sperms are haploid = mitosis. Zygote is the next generation= the sporophyte (like the human adult) See the alteration of generation, form sporophyte to gametophyte. Animals: the gametes are not multicellular; one step is not multicellular and the other is. Below the line in the picture = diploid.

Related Questions

1. If given a biological question, demonstrate your ability to scientifically analyze the problem2. How does the scientific method work?3. How are clinical drug tests conducted?4. What is natural selection, how does it work, and how does it compare to artificial selection?5. How did the ideas of Lamarck differ from those of Darwin?6. What evidence is there for evolution?7. Give examples of homologous/vestigial structures and atavisms8. What is the importance of the Hardy Weinberg equilibrium and how may it be violated?9. What are the effects of different forms of natural selection?10. How does one construct and read a cladogram?11. How does speciation occur?12. What are different types of reproductive isolating mechanisms?13. What are the types of14. What are major events in the evolution of life and when did they occur?15. What is the basic structure of different types of prokaryotes?16. How does this structure prevent cell lysis?17. How does the arrangement of genetic material allow for rapid reproduction in prokaryotes; how do they maintain genetic diversity?18. What are the Archaea and where are they found?19. What is the theory of endosymbiosis? What is secondary endosymbiosis?20. What are characteristics of the major groups of Protista discussed in class?21. Why is the kingdom Protista not a valid kingdom?22. How does one tell a plant from algae?23. How does the moss life cycle differ from that of other plants?24. How are ferns better adapted to life on land than mosses? How are they still tied to the water?25. What are the major groups of seed and seedless plants discussed in class and how are they different?26. What is the basic plant life cycle?27. Where do plants make sperm and eggs?28. Who are the major groups of seed plants, do any have swimming sperm?29. What benefits do seed plants have over ferns in terms of life on land30. What benefits do flowering plants have over gymnosperms?31. In what ways are angiosperms affected by coevolution with pollinators and herbivores?32. Where are the gametophytes found in seed plants?33. How does sperm get to the egg in seed plants?34. How do wind and animal pollinated flowers differ?35. How do fungi obtain their nutrients?36. In what ways do fungi interact with their environment?37. How do mushroom producing fungi reproduce?38. How do fungi benefit and otherwise affect humans?39. What are traits shared by all animals?40. What are major distinguishing traits of the phyla discussed in biology 2 lecture?Which groups are bilateral etc.41. What groups have parasites or other disease causing organisms?42. Why are arthropods so successful?43. What are traits of Chordates?44. Describe the adaptations to life on land, how do they parallel those seen in plants?45. What makes us Human?46. How is a bird adapted for flight?47. How does available surface area influence fungi, plants and animals?48. What was the significance of van Helmont

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Question 1

The key innovation that allowed for plant survival on land, seenin the first land plants and all others after, but not in thecharophytes, is

Question 1 options:

	fruit.
	vascular tissue.
	the seed.
	protection of the embryo.

Question 2

Which dramatic change in the alternation-of-generations lifecycle led to the protection of all phases of the life cycle and theformation of seeds?

Question 2 options:

	transition from a dominant gametophyte generation to a dominantsporophyte generation
	transition from a dominant sporophyte generation to a dominantgametophyte generation

Question 3

Which structure(s) allow the sporophyte of vascular plants to beprotected against drying out?

Question 3 options:

	the waxy covering of leaves, called the cuticle
	small openings in the leaves, called stomata
	guard cells that surround each stoma
	all of these structures protect the dominant sporophyte fromdrying out

Question 4

Why are the bryophytes called nonvascular plants?

Question 4 options:

	because they are specialized for transporting water and organicnutrients
	because their roots, stems, and leaves lack vascular tissue
	because they protect their embryo
	because they produce wind-blown spores

Question 5

Which generation is dominant in the bryophytes?

Question 5 options:

	the generations are equally dominant
	the sporophyte
	the gametophyte
	there is no sporophyte generation in bryophytes

Question 6

Which of the bryophytes are typically low-lying, due mostly totheir need for moisture and lack of vascular tissue?

Question 6 options:

	the mosses
	the liverworts
	the hornworts
	all of the bryophytes are low-lying

Question 7

Which structure of the moss protects the embryo from dryingout?

Question 7 options:

	the archegonium
	the antheridium
	the sporangium
	the stalk

Question 8

Cooksonia were the first __________ plants; they hadwind-blown spores, __________, leaves, and roots.

Question 8 options:

	nonvascular; branches
	vascular; seeds
	nonvascular; seeds
	vascular; branches

Question 9

The roots of today's lycophytes are much like __________ were inearly vascular plants; the vascular tissue is __________.

Question 9 options:

	roots; centrally placed
	stems; centrally placed
	leaves; only found at the perimeter
	branches; only found at the perimeter

Question 10

Pteridophytes, or ferns and their allies, are __________vascular plants with __________.

Question 10 options:

	seed-producing; microphylls
	seedless; microphylls
	seedless; megaphylls
	seed-producing; megaphylls

Question 11

Microphylls __________. Megaphylls__________.

Question 11 options:

	are found in all vascular plants; are only found in thelycophytes
	are broad leaves with a single strand of vascular tissue; arenarrow and have several strands vascular tissue
	are broad leaves with several strands of vascular tissue; arenarrow and have a single strand of vascular tissue
	are narrow and have a single strand of vascular tissue; arebroad leaves with several strands of vascular tissue

Question 12

The fern life cycle

Question 12 options:

	all of these choices accurately describe the fern lifecycle.
	is dependent on external water.
	relies on the wind to disperse the spores.
	produces a gametophyte that lacks vascular tissue.

Question 13

Seed plants use meiosis to produce

Question 13 options:

	spores and pollen.
	seeds and fruit.
	pollen and seeds.
	microspores and megaspores.

Question 14

In seed plants, a microspore develops into

Question 14 options:

	an egg.
	a pollen grain.
	a sporophyte.
	All of these answers correctly complete this sentence.

Question 15

Within the angiosperms, or ___________, two groups exist. Theyare named for their __________.

Question 15 options:

	vascular plants; number of cotyledons, or seed coats
	nonvascular plants; leaf type
	flowering plants; number of cotyledons, or seed coats
	fungi; leaf type

Question 16

The __________ parts of a flower are the stamens, each of whichhas two parts: the anther and the filament. The __________ parts ofa flower are the carpel, which has three major regions: the stigma,the style, and the __________.

Question 16 options:

	female; male; ovary
	male; female; sepals
	female; male; sepals
	male; female; ovary

Question 17

Double fertilization during the angiosperm life cycle involvestwo sperm, one of which __________, while the other __________.

Question 17 options:

	fertilizes the egg to form a zygote; produces the endospermnucleus, which will develop into food for the developing plant
	is a mature male gametophyte; is an immature malegametophyte
	lands on the carpel of the plant; is usually blown away in thewind
	develops into the seed; develops into the fruit that surroundsthe seeds

Question 18

The bodies of most fungi are made up of a network of filamentscalled hyphae.

Question 18 options:

	True
	False

Question 19

What is the difference between land fungi and the chytrids?

Question 19 options:

	Land fungi are motile and have flagella at all stages of theirlife cycle. The chytrids do not have flagella.
	Land fungi are nonmotile and do not have flagella at any stageof their life cycle. The chytrids have flagellated spores andgametes.
	Land fungi are nonmotile and only have flagellated spores. Thechytrids have flagellated spores and gametes.
	Both are motile for part of their life cycle. Land fungi aremotile as gametes. Chytrids are motile as spores.

Question 20

The vast majority of described species of fungi are __________fungi, which include unicellular __________, which reproducesexually once their food supply runs out. When yeast ferment, theyproduce ethanol and carbon dioxide.

Question 20 options:

	zygospore; black bread molds
	club; mushroom
	sac; yeast
	mutualistic; lichen

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BIOL 1011 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Cycad, Phloem, Vacuum Cleaner

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